Gallic acid and exercise training improve motor function, nerve conduction velocity but not pain sense reflex after experimental sciatic nerve crush in male rats

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Isfahan Payamenoor University, Isfahan, Iran.

2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Payamnoor University, Tehran, Iran

3 Ahvaz Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.

4 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of medical Sciences, Ahavaz, Iran

Abstract

Objective: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of gallic acid (GA) for 21 days alone and in combination with exercise on nerve conduction velocity and sensory and motor functions in rats with sciatic nerve crush.
Materials and Methods: Seventy adult male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were divided randomly into 7 groups with 10 in each: 1) Control (Cont), 2) Crushed + Vehicle (Cr +Veh), 3-5) Crushed + gallic acid (Cr+GA) (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/2 mL, orally), 6) Crushed + exercise (Cr+Exe), and 7) Crushed + exercise + effective dose of gallic acid (Cr+Exe +GA200) for 21 days. In order to establish an animal model of sciatic nerve crush, equivalent to 7 kg of force pressed on 2-3 mm of sciatic nerve for 30 s, three times with 30 s intervals. Pain sense reflex in hot plate, motor coordination in rotarod, and sciatic nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) in all groups were tested. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test and pResults: Pain threshold was increased significantly in untreated crushed rats while motor function and SNCV were decreased in all groups with nerve crush (p<0.05, p<0.01, pConclusion: GA, dose-dependently, may have therapeutic potential to improve the peripheral nerve degeneration, which is most likely related, at least in part, to its antioxidant and therapeutic properties.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Q5
Amakura Y, Okada M, Tsuji S, Tonogai YA. 2000. Determination of phenolic acids in fruit juices by isocratic column liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr, 891:183-188.
Bagdatoglu C, Saray A, Surucu SH, Ozturk H, Tamer L. 2002. Effect of trapidil in ischemia/reperfusion injury of peripheral nerves. Neurosurgery 51:212-219.
Bobinski F, Martins DF, Bratti T, Mazzardo-Martins L, Winkelmann-Duarte EC, Guglielmo LG, Santos AR. 2011. Neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects of low-intensity aerobic exercise on sciatic nerve crush injury in mice. Neuroscience 194:337-348.
Burnett MG, Zager EL. 2004. Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury: a brief review. Neurosurg Focus 16 1-7.
Chen ZY, Chai YF, Cao L, Lu CL, He C. 2001. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor enhances axonal regeneration following sciatic nerve transection in adult rats. Brain Res. 902:272-276.
English AW, Wilhelm JC, Sabatier MJ. 2011. Enhancing recovery from peripheral nerve injury using treadmill training. Ann Anat 193:354-360.
Gambarotta G, Fregnan F, Gnavi S, Perroteau I. 2013. Neuregulin 1 role in Schwann cell regulation and potential applications to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Int. Rev of Neurobiol 108:223-256.
Gómez-Caravaca AM, Verardo V, Toselli M, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Caboni MF. 2013. Determination of the major phenolic compounds in pomegranate juices by HPLC−DAD−ESI-MS. J Agric Food Chem 61:5328-5337.
Gomez-Pinilla F, Ying Z, Opazo P, Roy RR, Edgerton VR. 2001. Differential regulation by exercise of BDNF and NT-3 in rat spinal cord and skeletal muscle. The Eur j neurosci. 13:1078-1084.
Gomez-Pinilla F, Ying Z, Roy RR, Molteni R, Edgerton VR. 2002. Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplasticity. J Neurophysiol 88:2187-2195.
Harkonen MH, Kauffman FC. 1974. Metabolic alterations in the axotomized superior cervical ganglion of the rat. II. The pentose phosphate pathway. Brain Res. 65:141-157.
Hoffman PN, Lasek RJ. 1980. Axonal transport of the cytoskeleton in regenerating motor neurons: constancy and change. Brain Res. 202:317-333.
Kalender AM, Dogan A, Bakan V, Yildiz H, Gokalp MA, Kalender M. 2009. Effect of Zofenopril on regeneration of sciatic nerve crush injury in a rat model. J. brachial plexus and periph nerve injury 4:1-7.
Kaur M, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. 2009. Anticancer and cancer chemopreventive potential of grape seed extract and other grape-based products. J Nutr 39:1806-1812.
Keeler BE, Liu G, Siegfried RN, Zhukareva V, Murray M, Houlé JD. 2012. Acute and prolonged hindlimb exercise elicits different gene expression in motoneurons than sensory neurons after spinal cord injury. Brain Res 1438:8-28.
Kim SH, Jun CD, Suk K, Choi BJ, Lim H, Park S. 2006. Gallic acid inhibits histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mast cells. Toxicol Sci 91:123-131.
Marcioli MA, Coradini JG, Kunz RI, Ribeiro Lde F, Brancalhao RM, Bertolini GR. 2013. Nociceptive and histomorphometric evaluation of neural mobilization in experimental injury of the median nerve. The Sci World J 2013:1-6.
Mohammadi R, Yadegarazadi MJ, Amini K. 2013. Peripheral nerve regeneration following transection injury to rat sciatic nerve by local application of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : Official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 1-6.
Monte-Raso VV, Moro CA, Mazzer N, Fonseca MCR, Fasan VPS, Barbieri G. 2009. A new adjustable pinch designed for producing crush nerve injury in the sciatic nerve of rats. . Acta Ortop Bras 17:236-238.
Navarro X, Vivo M, Valero-Cabre A. 2007. Neural plasticity after peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. Prog in neurobiol 82:163-201.
Nothias JM, Mitsui T, Shumsky JS, Fischer I, Antonacci MD, Murray M. 2005. Combined effects of neurotrophin secreting transplants, exercise, and serotonergic drug challenge improve function in spinal rats. Neurorehabil and Neural Repair 19:296-312.
Oberlin C, Beal D, Leechavengvongs S, Salon A, Dauge MC, Sarcy JJ. 1994. Nerve transfer to biceps muscle using a part of ulnar nerve for C5-C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus: anatomical study and report of four cases. The J Hand Surg. 19:232-237.
Petzinger GM, Walsh JP, Akopian G, Hogg E, Abernathy A, Arevalo P, Turnquist P, Vuckovic M, Fisher BE, Togasaki DM, Jakowec MW. 2007. Effects of treadmill exercise on dopaminergic transmission in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse model of basal ganglia injury. Neuroscience 27:5291-5300.
Reyes O, Sosa I, Kuffler DP. 2005. Promoting neurological recovery following a traumatic peripheral nerve injury. Puerto Rico health Sci J 24:215-223.
Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Coleman R, Aviram M. 2006. Pomegranate byproduct administration to apolipoprotein e-deficient mice attenuates atherosclerosis development as a result of decreased macrophage oxidative stress and reduced cellular uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. J Agric Food Chem 54:1928-1935.
Schröder JM. 1972. Altered ratio between axon diameter and myelin sheath thickness in regenerated nerve fibers. Brain Res 45, :49-65.
Sharma N, Marzo SJ, Jones KJ, Foecking EM. 2010. Electrical stimulation and testosterone differentially enhance expression of regeneration-associated genes. Exp Neurol 223:183-191.
Stassart RM, Fledrich R, Velanac V, Brinkmann BG, Schwab MH, Meijer D, Sereda MW, Nave KA. 2013. A role for Schwann cell-derived neuregulin-1 in remyelination. Nature Neurosci 16:48-54.
Sukhvir Kaur S, Rana AC, Gangwani S, Sharma R. 2012. Punica granatum attenuates sciatic nerve ligation induced-neuropathic pain. IJPSR 3:509-518.
Tavares L, Figueira I, McDougall GJ, Vieira HL, Stewart D, Alves PM, Ferreira RB, Santos CN. 2013. Neuroprotective effects of digested polyphenols from wild blackberry species. Eur J Nutr 52:225-236.
Teodori RM, Betini J, de Oliveira LS, Sobral LL, Takeda SY, de Lima Montebelo MI.2011. Swimming exercise in the acute or late phase after sciatic nerve crush accelerates nerve regeneration. Neural plasticity 2011:1-8.
Udina E, Puigdemasa A, Navarro X. 2011. Passive and active exercise improve regeneration and muscle reinnervation after peripheral nerve injury in the rat. Muscle & Nerve 43:500-509.
Vauzour D, Vafeiadou K, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Rendeiro C, Spencer JP. 2008. The neuroprotective potential of flavonoids: a multiplicity of effects. Genes Nutr 3:115-126.
Vogelin E, Baker JM, Gates J, Dixit V, Constantinescu MA, Jones NF. 2006. Effects of local continuous release of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat model. Exp Neurol 199:348-353.
Wong KH, Naidu M, David P, Abdulla MA, Abdullah N, Kuppusamy UR, Sabaratnam V. 2011. Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Following Crush Injury to Rat Peroneal Nerve by Aqueous Extract of Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 2011:1-10.
Yuan Y, Shen H, Yao J, Hu N, Ding F, Gu X. 2010. The protective effects of Achyranthes bidentata polypeptides in an experimental model of mouse sciatic nerve crush injury. Brain Res Bul. 81:25-32.