Objective: This narrative review examines the intersections between Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) and modern cardiology in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
Materials and methods: Literature was sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for the period from January 2015 to August 2025, supplemented with classical TPM texts beyond this date range. Priority was given to original clinical trials, cohort studies, and experimental investigations whenever primary evidence was available.
Results: The reviewed literature identified potential cardiovascular benefits of selected medicinal plants, including garlic, saffron, pomegranate, cinnamon, and hawthorn, through antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, endothelial-protective, and cardiometabolic effects. Lifestyle and dietary interventions also showed conceptual alignment between TPM and contemporary cardiovascular prevention. However, evidence for TPM-specific concepts, including hararat, mizaj, and pulse-based diagnosis, remains predominantly conceptual or exploratory, with limited clinical validation. Major gaps include non-standardized diagnostic criteria, variability in herbal preparations and dosages, limited herb–drug interaction data, heterogeneous clinical studies, and insufficient multicenter randomized trials.
Conclusion: Evidence from regenerative medicine, psycho-cardiology, and AI-assisted tools is incorporated to propose a multidisciplinary model bridging ancient wisdom and modern science. The findings suggest that TPM may provide complementary preventive and personalized cardiovascular strategies; however, substantial heterogeneity and limited clinical standardization remain important barriers to evidence-based implementation, and further large-scale clinical trials, mechanistic investigations, and standardized herbal protocols are required before broad clinical implementation.