Document Type : Original Research Article
Authors
1
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
2
Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
3
Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
4
Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Abstract
Objective: Cigarette smoke contains toxic substances that cause oxidative stress and damage to cardiac tissues. Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammasome activation contribute to smoking-related cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the preventive effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) on oxidative stress and inflammation induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE).
Materials and Methods: H9C2 cells were divided into seven groups: Negative control: Phosphate buffered saline (100 μM), Positive control: H2O2 (100 μM), CSE: (10%), CSE+RA (5, 10, and 25 μM) and RA 25 (25 μM). Cell viability, oxidative stress (Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, and Catalase), lipid peroxidation, and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-10), and gene expressions (NF-κB and NLRP3) were evaluated.
Results: CSE reduced antioxidant defenses, increased IL-1β and IL-18, and decreased IL-10. Additionally, pro-inflammatory genes NF-κB and NLRP3 were significantly expressed. This condition was associated with a decrease in cell viability. RA demonstrated a significant protective effect against the detrimental impacts of CSE on H9C2 cells.
Conclusion: Exposure of cardiac cells to CSE induces cytotoxicity through increased oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory pathways. RA, as a natural antioxidant, not only alleviates oxidative damage but also exhibits anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. These benefits may arise from its ability to modulate inflammatory mediators and enhance cellular resilience against stress.
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