Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3
Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
4
Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
5
Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
10.22038/ajp.2026.27286
Abstract
Objective: Nanoparticles and nanocomposites have attracted significant attention in engineering and biomedical sciences. Conventional physical and chemical synthesis methods, however, pose environmental and health risks. This review aims to highlight green synthesis as a sustainable alternative, summarize biological systems used for nanocomposite fabrication, evaluate their advantages and limitations, and assess their potential for industrial applications.
Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and other databases using keywords such as green synthesis, nanocomposites, nanobiotechnology, and specific plant, bacterial, fungal, and algal species. Articles were screened by title and abstract, followed by full-text review. Relevant data were extracted, organized, and critically synthesized.
Results: Findings indicate that plants provide abundant natural metabolites useful as reducing and capping agents, bacteria contribute bacterial cellulose, and fungi offer chitin and chitosan with ease of cultivation. Green nanocomposites combine the advantages of organic polymers and natural fillers, yielding materials with notable strength, stiffness, biodegradability, and cost-effectiveness. Challenges such as low reproducibility and poor homogeneity can be solved using bioreactor-based approaches and improving standardization methods. Potential mechanisms, active metabolites, and species with green synthesis capability were also identified.
Conclusion: Green synthesis offers a promising alternative method for fabricating eco-friendly nanocomposites with applications in biomedical and environmental fields. Despite limitations, advancements such as bioreactor technology enhance reproducibility, supporting the feasibility of scaling these processes to industrial levels. Continued research into biological systems and mechanisms will accelerate the development of sustainable nanomaterials.
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