The effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss hydroalcoholic extract and fractions in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice

Document Type : Short communication

Authors

1 Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

2 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

3 Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract


Objective: At present, there are many antiepileptic drugs with a wide range of side effects on the human body. It was assumed that Zataria multiflora Boiss (Z. multiflora) with sedative, anti-spasmodic and anti-inflammatory activity may be effective in the treatment of epilepsy. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of Z. multiflora hydroalcoholic extract and its fraction extracts on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced chemical kindling.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, eight separate groups of male albino mice were used. All groups received 11 separate intraperitoneal injections of PTZ (35 mg/kg) with two-day intervals. 30 min before the injection of PTZ, mice received vehicle, Z. multiflora hydroalcoholic extract (300 and 600 mg/kg), n-hexane, acetone, methanol fraction extracts (150 mg/kg), or diazepam (10 mg/kg).

Results: The kindled mice that were pretreated with vehicle showed a gradual increase in their seizure scores up to the end of the study. The hydroalcoholic extract of Z. multiflora (300 and 600 mg/kg) reduced seizure scores significantly. However, n-hexane, acetone and methanol extracts did not affect seizure scores significantly.

Conclusion: The present findings demonstrate that the hydroalcoholic extract of Z. multiflora did reduce the severity of seizure attacks in PTZ-induced chemical kindling in mice.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Arzi A, Zahedi Asl S, Fallah Zadeh D. 2003. Study of the preventive effect of Hydroalcoholic extract of Thymus Vulgaris (TV) on Nicotine induced convulsion. Jundishapur Sci Med J, 37: 61-72.
Bell GS, Neligan A, Sander JW. 2014. An unknown quantity--the worldwide prevalence of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 55: 958-962.
Ben J, de Oliveira PA, Goncalves FM, Peres TV, Matheus FC, Hoeller AA, Leal RB, Walz R, Prediger RD. 2014. Effects of pentylenetetrazole kindling on mitogen-activated protein kinases levels in neocortex and hippocampus of mice. Neurochem Res, 39: 2492-2500.
Boskabady MH, Gholami Mahtaj L. 2014. Effect of the Zataria multiflora on systemic inflammation of experimental animals model of COPD. Biomed Res Int, 2014: 802189.
Boskabady MH, Gholami Mahtaj L. 2015. Lung inflammation changes and oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke exposure in guinea pigs affected by Zataria multiflora and its constituent, carvacrol. BMC Complement Altern Med, 15: 39.
Crestani F, Martin JR, Mohler H, Rudolph U. 2000. Mechanism of action of the hypnotic zolpidem in vivo. Br J Pharmacol, 131: 1251-1254.
Damasceno DD, Ferreira AJ, Doretto MC, Almeida AP. 2012. Anticonvulsant and antiarrhythmic effects of nifedipine in rats prone to audiogenic seizures. Braz J Med Biol Res, 45: 1060-1065.
Erakovic V, Zupan G, Varljen J, Simonic A. 2003. Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and kindling: changes in free fatty acids, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Neurochem Int, 42: 173-178.
Getova DP, Dimitrova DS. 2000. Effects of the anticholinesterase drug tacrine on the development of PTZ kindling and on learning and memory processes in mice. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 42: 5-9.
Gharib Naseri MK. 2003. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss leaf hydroalchoholic extract on rat ileum. Behbood J, 7: 18-26.
Han JY, Ahn SY, Kim CS, Yoo SK, Kim SK, Kim HC, Hong JT, Oh KW. 2012. Protection of apigenin against kainate-induced excitotoxicity by anti-oxidative effects. Biol Pharm Bull, 35: 1440-1446.
Hansen SL, Sperling BB, Sanchez C. 2004. Anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic effects of GABAA receptor ligands in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 28: 105-113.
Helmers SL, Thurman DJ, Durgin TL, Pai AK, Faught E. 2015. Descriptive epidemiology  of epilepsy in the U.S. population: A different approach. Epilepsia, 56: 942-8.
Homayoun M, Seghatoleslam M, Pourzaki M, Shafieian R, Hosseini M, Ebrahimzadeh Bideskan A. 2015. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of Rosa damascena hydro-alcoholic extract on rat hippocampus. Avicenna J Phytomed, 5: 260-270.
Italiano D, Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Spina E, Mondello S, Labate A, Gambardella A, Aguglia U. 2014. Generalized versus partial reflex seizures: a review. Seizure, 23: 512-520.
Jain S, Bharal N, Khurana S, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK. 2011. Anticonvulsant and antioxidant actions of trimetazidine in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 383: 385-392.
Kupferberg H. 2001. Animal models used in the screening of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 42: 7-12.
Loscher W, Fassbender CP, Nolting B. 1991. The role of technical, biological and pharmacological factors in the laboratory evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. II. Maximal electroshock seizure models. Epilepsy Res, 8: 79-94.
Loscher W, Rundfeldt C, Honack D. 1993. Pharmacological characterization of phenytoin-resistant amygdala-kindled rats, a new model of drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 15: 207-219.
Loscher W, Schmidt D. 1988. Which animal models should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations. Epilepsy Res, 2: 145-181.
Majlessi N, Choopani S, Kamalinejad M, Azizi Z. 2012. Amelioration of amyloid beta-induced cognitive deficits by Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther, 18: 295-301.
Mandegary A, Sharififar F, Abdar M. 2013. Anticonvulsant effect of the essential oil and methanolic extracts of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem, 13: 93-97.
Martinc B, Grabnar I, Vovk T. 2014. Antioxidants as a preventive treatment for epileptic process: a review of the current status. Curr Neuropharmacol, 12: 527-550.
Molina-Salinas GM, Ramos-Guerra MC, Vargas-Villarreal J, Mata-Cardenas BD, Becerril-Montes P, Said-Fernandez S. 2006. Bactericidal activity of organic extracts from Flourensia cernua DC against strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arch Med Res, 37: 45-49.
Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M, Mohammadi Motamed S, Ghorbani A. 2005. Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: from ethnobotany to pharmacology. Iran J Pharm Res, 2: 63-79.
Naseri MKG. 2003. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss leaf hydroalcoholic extract on rat ileum. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci,7: 1-4.
Piazzini A, Canevini MP, Maggiori G, Canger R. 2001. The perception of memory failures in patients with epilepsy. Eur J Neurol, 8: 613-620.
Quintans-Júnior L J, Guimarães AG, Araújo BE, Oliveira GF, Santana MT, Moreira FV, Santos MRV, Cavalcanti WD, Lucca Júnior WD, Botelho M, Ribeiro LA, Nóbrega FF,  Almeida RN. 2013. Carvacrol,(-)-borneol and citral reduce convulsant activity in rodents. Afr J Biotech, 9: 6566-6572.
Rezvani ME, Roohbakhsh A, Allahtavakoli M, Shamsizadeh A. 2010. Anticonvulsant effect of aqueous extract of Valeriana officinalis in amygdala-kindled rats: possible involvement of adenosine. J Ethnopharmacol, 127: 313-318.
Sajed H, Sahebkar A, Iranshahi M. 2013. Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi thyme) an ancient condiment with modern pharmaceutical uses. J Ethnopharmacol, 145: 686-698.
Sancheti J, Shaikh MF, Chaudhari R, Somani G, Patil S, Jain P, Sathaye S. 2014. Characterization of anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic potential of thymol in various experimental models. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 387: 59-66.
Sharif rohani M, Assaeian H, Leshtoo aghaee G. 2008. A study of anesthetic effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss (Labiatae) essence on Oncorhynchus mykiss and cultured Salmo trutta caspius. Iran Sci Fish J, 16: 99-106.
Sharififar F, Mirtajadini M, Azampour MJ, Zamani E. 2012. Essential oil and methanolic extract of Zataria multiflora Boiss with anticholinesterase effect. Pak J Biol Sci, 15: 49-53.
Sucher NJ, Carles MC. 2015. A pharmacological basis of herbal medicines for epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 52: 308-318.
Zhu HL, Wan JB, Wang YT, Li BC, Xiang C, He J, Li P. 2014. Medicinal compounds with antiepileptic/anticonvulsant activities. Epilepsia, 55: 3-16.