Evaluation of leishmanicidal effect of Euphorbia petiolata extract by in vivo anti-leishmanial assay using promastigotes of Leishmania major

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

2 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

3 Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

4 School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

5 Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

6 Pharmaceutical Research Centers, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Objective: The extract of different species of Euphorbia has been successfully used as a remedy for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro leishmanicidal effect of Euphorbia petiolata (E. petiolata) extract.
Materials and Methods: Ethanolic percolated and methanolic Soxhlet extract of E. petiolata on promastigotes of L. major at different concentrations of extracts, one positive control group and one negative control group as well as 1 solvent control were prepared and placed in 24-well plates that contained 40,000 parasites/well. Afterwards, plates were incubated at 25 ˚C for six days and number of parasites in each well were determined on days 2, 4 and 6 of the experiment.
Results: Both percolated and Soxhlet extracts in methanol and DMSO solvents had significant effects (equal to that of amphotericin B) on promastigote form of parasite at the concentration of 1 mg/ml. At lower concentrations, the extracts of E. petiolata had favorable leishmanicidal activity and killed L. major promastigotes dose-dependently.
Conclusion: Our results support the possibility of E. petiolata extracts application as an anti-leishmanial agent with similar effects to amphotericin B.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Ahmed S, Hasan MM, Ahmed SW. 2014. Natural antiemetics: An overview. Pak J Pharm Sci, 27:1583-1598.
Alonso-Castro A, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Domínguez F, López-Toledo G, Chávez M, de Jesús Ortiz-Tello A, García-Carrancá A. 2012. Antitumor effect of Croton lechleri Mull. Arg.(Euphorbiaceae). J Ethnopharmacol, 140:438-442.
Amirghofran Z, Malek-Hosseini S, Gholmoghaddam H, Kalalinia F. 2011. Inhibition of tumor cells growth and stimulation of lymphocytes by Euphorbia species. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 33:34-42.
Ansari MY, Dikhit MR, Sahoo GC, Ali V, Das P. 2017. Recent advancement and treatment of leishmaniasis based on pharmacoinformatics approach: Current and future outlook. Gene Rep, 9:86-97.
Armah FA, Amponsah IK, Mensah AY, Dickson RA, Steenkamp A, Madala NE, Adokoh CK. 2018. Leishmanicidal activity of the root bark of Erythrophleum Ivorense (Fabaceae) and identification of some of its compounds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). J Ethnopharmacol, 211:207-216.
Bani S, Kaul A, Khan B, Gupta V, Satti N, Suri K, Qazi G. 2007. Anti-arthritic activity of a biopolymeric fraction from Euphorbia tirucalli. J Ethnopharmacol, 110:92-98.
Berger BA, Bartlett AH, Saravia NG, Galindo Sevilla N. 2017. Pathophysiology of leishmania infection during pregnancy. Trends in Parasitol, 33:935-946.
Bordoloi M, Saikia S, Bordoloi PK, Kolita B, Dutta PP, Bhuyan PD, Dutta SC, Rao PG. 2017. Isolation, characterization and antifungal activity of very long chain alkane derivatives from Cinnamomum obtusifolium, Elaeocarpus lanceifolius and Baccaurea sapida. J Mol Struct, 1142:200-210.
Camacho M, Phillipson J, Croft S, Solis P, Marshall S, Ghazanfar S. 2003. Screening of plant extracts for antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities. J Ethnopharmacol, 89:185-191.
Cordeiro Arruda MF, Takaki Rosa R, Ribeiro Rosa EA, Stuelp Campelo PM. 2015. Microbial activity and toxicity of Euphorbia tirucalli L. (aveloz) latex. Rev Cubana Plant Med 20:492-497.
Daryani A, Montazeri M, Pagheh AS, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Hosseinzadeh A, Reiter RJ, Hadighi R, Joghataei MT, Ghaznavi H, Mehrzadi S. 2018. The potential use of melatonin to treat protozoan parasitic infections: A review. Biomed Pharmacother, 97:948-957.
Douris P, Chinan A, Gomez M, Aw A, Steffens D, Weiss S. 2004. Fitness levels of middle aged martial art practitioners. Br J Sports Med, 38:143-7; discussion 147.
Ferreira ME, de Arias AR, Yaluff G, de Bilbao NV, Nakayama H, Torres S, Schinini A, Guy I, Heinzen H, Fournet A. 2010. Antileishmanial activity of furoquinolines and coumarins from Helietta apiculata. Phytomedicine, 17:375-378.
Flores N, Cabrera G, Jiménez I, Piñero J, Giménez A, Bourdy G, Cortés-Selva F, Bazzocchi I. 2007. Leishmanicidal constituents from the leaves of Piper rusbyi. Planta Med, 73:206-211.
Freitas-Junior LH, Chatelain E, Kim HA, Siqueira-Neto JL. 2012. Visceral leishmaniasis treatment: what do we have, what do we need and how to deliver it? Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2:11-19.
Galvão DDC, Moraes CT, Borges BJP, Cardoso WC, Andrade JPD, Takahashi PM, Vieira PC, Borges WDS. 2017. Secondary metabolites from pachystroma longifolium (NEES) I. M. Johnst (Euphorbiaceae) and evaluation of its extracts as cathepsins inhibitors. J Chil, 62:3602-3604.
Hashiguchi Y, Gomez EAL, Cáceres AG, Velez LN, Villegas NV, Hashiguchi K, Mimori T, Uezato H, Kato H. 2018. Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis (Andean-CL, uta) in Peru and Ecuador: the causative Leishmania parasites and clinico-epidemiological features. Acta Trop, 177:135-145.
Hay A, Merza J, Landreau A, Litaudon M, Pagniez F, Le Pape P, Richomme P. 2008. Antileishmanial polyphenols from Garcinia vieillardii. Fitoterapia, 79:42-46.
Iranshahi M, Arfa P, Ramezani M, Jaafari MR, Sadeghian H, Bassarello C, Piacente S, Pizza C. 2007. Sesquiterpene coumarins from Ferula szowitsiana and in vitro antileishmanial activity of 7-prenyloxycoumarins against promastigotes. Phytochemistry, 68:554-61.
Jaafari M, Behravan J, Abde-Emami J, Saghafi-Khadem F, Ramezani M. 2006. Evaluation of Leishmanicidal Effect of Euphorbia bungei Boiss Extract by in vitro Leishmanicidal Assay Using Promastigotes of Leishmania major. Int J Pharmacol, 2:5.
Jaafari MR, Hooshmand S, Samiei A, Hossainzadeh H. 2007. Evaluation of-leishmanicidal effect of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. root extract by in vitro leishmanicidal assay using promastigotes of Leishmania major. Pharmacology Online, 1:299-303.
Jafari M, Behravan J, Bodagh Abadi A, Ramezani M. 2005. Evaluation of leishmanicidal effect of Euphorbia myrsinites extract by in vitro antileishmanial assay using pro mastigote of Leishmania. Major. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 8:4.
Jeyasankar A, Elumalai K. 2012. Larvicidal activity of Phyllanthus emblica Linn.(Euphorbiaceae) leaf extracts against important human vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pac J Trop Dis, 2:S399-S403.
Karimi A, Mohammadi-Kamalabadi M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Amjad L, Salimzadeh L. 2016. Determination of antioxidant activity, phenolic contents and antiviral potential of methanol extract of Euphorbia spinidens Bornm (Euphorbiaceae). Trop J Pharm Res, 15:759-764.
Kassem HA, Beier JC, El Sawaf BM. 2017. Historical overview of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in El Agamy, Alexandria, Egypt. Acta Trop, 176:335-339.
Kaur N, Kaur B, Sirhindi G. 2017. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Phyllanthus niruri L.: A Review. Phytother Res, 31:980-1004.
Kennedy ML, Cortés F, Piñero J, Castanys S, López-Arencibia A, Gamarro F, Bazzocchi I, Jiménez IA. 2011. Leishmanicidal and reversal multidrug resistance constituents from Aeonium lindleyi. Planta Med, 77:77-80.
Kirbag S, Erecevit P, Zengin F, Guvenc AN. 2013. Antimicrobial activities of some Euphorbia species. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM / African Networks on Ethnomedicines, 10:305-309.
Mohammadi-Kamalabadi M, Karimi A, Rafieian M, Amjad L. 2014. Phytochemical study and anti viral effect evaluation of methanolic extract with fractions of aerial parts of euphorbia spinidens. J Babol Uni Med Sci, 16:25-34.
Mskhiladze L, Kutchukhidze J, Chincharadze D, Delmas F, Elias R, Favel A. 2008. In vitro antifungal and antileishmanial activities of steroidal saponins from Allium leucanthum C. Koch a Caucasian endemic species. Georgian Med News, 154:39-43.
Nazemiyeh H, Kazemi EM, Zare K, Jodari M, Nahar L, Sarker SD. 2010. Free radical scavengers from the aerial parts of Euphorbia petiolata. J Nat Med, 64:187-190.
Oskuee RK, Jaafari MR, Amani S, Ramezani M. 2014. Evaluation of leishmanicidal effect of Euphorbia erythadenia extract by in vitro leshmanicidal assay using promastigotes of Leishmania major. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 4:S581-S583.
Özbigin S, Saltan Çitoǧlu G. 2012. Uses of some Euphorbia species in traditional medicine in Turkey and their biological activities. Turk J Pharmaceutl Sci, 9:241-256.
Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Talhari C, García Bustos MF, Rosales T, Villamil-Gomez WE, Marquez M, Pérez Alvarez AM, Tálamo Sánchez AI, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. 2017. American cutaneous leishmaniasis in infancy and childhood. Int J Dermatol, 56:1328-1341.
Ramalho SD, Pinto EF, Ferreira D, Bolzani VS. 2018. Biologically active orbitides from the euphorbiaceae family. Planta Med, 84:558-567.
Seebaluck-Sandoram R, Lall N, Fibrich B, Blom van Staden A, Mahomoodally F. 2017. Antibiotic-potentiation, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase potential of Antidesma madagascariense Lam. (Euphorbiaceae). S Afr J Bot, 111:194-201.
Seebaluck R, Gurib-Fakim A, Mahomoodally F. 2015. Medicinal plants from the genus Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae)-A review of their ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. J Ethnopharmacol, 159:137-157.
Singh S, Gupta AK, Singh A, Srivastava S, Shankar P. 2017. Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. J Pediatr Infect Dis, 12:214-221.
Srirama R, Deepak HB, Senthilkumar U, Ravikanth G, Gurumurthy BR, Shivanna MB, Chandrasekaran CV, Agarwal A, Shaanker RU. 2012. Hepatoprotective activity of Indian phyllanthus. Pharm Biol, 50:948-953.
Sundar S. 2001. Drug resistance in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Trop Med Int Health, 6:849-854.
Tewari D, Mocan A, Parvanov ED, Sah AN, Nabavi SM, Huminiecki L, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG. 2017. Ethnopharmacological approaches for therapy of jaundice: Part II. Highly used plant species from Acanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Combretaceae, and Fabaceae families. Front Pharmacol, 8
Vasas A, Hohmann J. 2014. Euphorbia diterpenes: isolation, structure, biological activity, and synthesis (2008–2012). Chem Rev, 114:8579-8612.
Wang Z, Hwang SH, Guillen Quispe YN, Gonzales Arce PH, Lim SS. 2017. Investigation of the antioxidant and aldose reductase inhibitory activities of extracts from Peruvian tea plant infusions. Food Chem, 231:222-230.
Xu J, Kang J, Cao X, Sun X, Yu S, Zhang X, Sun H, Guo Y. 2015. Characterization of Diterpenes from Euphorbia prolifera and Their Antifungal Activities against Phytopathogenic Fungi. J Agric Food Chem, 63:5902-5910.
Yu S, Yan H, Zhang L, Shan M, Chen P, Ding A, Li SFY. 2017. A review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of amentoflavone, a naturally-occurring biflavonoid. Molecules, 22
Zahidin NS, Saidin S, Zulkifli RM, Muhamad II, Ya'akob H, Nur H. 2017. A review of Acalypha indica L. (Euphorbiaceae) as traditional medicinal plant and its therapeutic potential. J Ethnopharmacol, 207:146-173.
Zahir AA, Chauhan IS, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Elango G, Shankar J, Arjaria N, Roopan SM, Rahuman AA, Singh N. 2015. Green synthesis of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Euphorbia prostrata extract shows shift from apoptosis to G0/G1 arrest followed by necrotic cell death in Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 59:4782-4799.