Toxicological profile of the aqueous-fermented extract of Musa paradisiaca in rats

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Biochemistry Abia State University, PMB 2000, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria

2 Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine Enugu State University of Science and Technology, PMB 01660, Enugu-Nigeria

3 Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the toxicity profile of the aqueous-fermented extract of Musa paradisiaca in rats.
Materials and Methods: In acute toxicity test, the rats of different groups were orally administered with a single dose of 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg of fermented extract of M. paradisiaca. The rats were monitored for behavioral changes, toxicity signs and mortality.  In sub-acute test, the rats were orally administered with fermented M. paradisiaca extract (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters were evaluated and histopathological studies of the liver and kidney were done. The study was performed from June to July 2017.
Results: Concerning the acute toxicity, no toxicity signs or death were recorded and an LD50 value of >5 g/kg for fermented extract of M. paradisiaca was observed. Regarding the sub-acute toxicity, ingestion of the fermented extract of M. paradisiacacaused no significant effects (p<0.05) in terms of relative organ weight, body weight percentage, haemoglobin, red blood cells count, electrolytes levels, lymphocytes count, basophils count, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. However, significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in white blood cells, eosinophils, platelets, neutrophils and monocytes counts, and urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. The histological assessments of the liver and kidney showed normal results.
Conclusion: The findings of this study has suggested that daily administration of fermented extract of M. paradisiaca at doses up to 800 mg/kg for 14 days, is not toxic and may be considered safe for therapeutic uses.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Adamson RH. 2016. The acute lethal dose 50 (LD50) of caffeine in albino rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 80: 274-276.
Adeolu A, Enesi D. 2013. Assessment of proximate, mineral, vitamin and phytochemical compositions of plantain (Musa paradisiaca) bract–an agricultural waste. Int Res J Plant Sci, 4: 192-197.
Adeyemi OT, Osilesi O, Adebawo OO, Onajobi FD, Oyedemi SO, Afolayan A. 2015. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Activities in Selected Tissues of Rats Fed on Processed Atlantic Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Adv Biosc Biotechnol, 6: 139.
Agarwal P, Singh A, Gaurav K, Goel S, Khanna H, Goel R. 2009. Evaluation of wound healing activity of extracts of plantain banana (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca) in rats. Indian J Exp Biol, 47: 32-40.
Amutha K, Selvakumari U. 2016. Wound healing activity of methanolic stem extract of Musa paradisiaca Linn. (Banana) in Wistar albino rats. Int Wound J, 13: 763-767.
Annor GA, Asamoah-Bonti P, Sakyi-Dawson E. 2016. Fruit physical characteristics, proximate, mineral and starch characterization of FHIA 19 and FHIA 20 plantain and FHIA 03 cooking banana hybrids. SpringerPlus, 5: 796.
Askari VR, Baradaran Rahimi V, Ghorbani A, Rakhshandeh H. 2016. Hypnotic Effect of Ocimum basilicum on Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep in Mice. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 18: e24261.
Bain BJ, Bates I, Laffan MA 2016. Dacie and Lewis practical haematology. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Balogun FO, Tom Ashafa AO. 2016. Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Aqueous Root Extract of Dicoma anomala Sond. In Wistar Rats. Evidence-Based Compl Alter Med, 2016: 11.
Brewer HB. 1999. Hypertriglyceridemia: changes in the plasma lipoproteins associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol, 83: 3-12.
Care, Animal and Use Committee 1998. Guidelines for the capture, handling, and care of mammals as approved by the American Society of Mammalogists. J Mammal, 1416-1431.
Chavda R, Vadalia K, Gokani RL. 2010. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of root bark of Calotropis procera R. Br (Asclepediaceae). Int J Pharmacol, 6: 937-943.
CNRC. 2010. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Academies Press.
Coulibaly S, Nemlin G, Kamenan A. 2007. Chemical Composition, Nutritive and Energetic Value of Plantain (Musa ssp.) Hybrids CRBP 4, CRBP 39, FHIA 7, FHIA 2 and Orishele Variety. Tropicultura, 25: 2-6.
Danlami U, Ijoh JJ, David BM. 2015. Phytochemical Screening, Proximate Analysis and Anti-Oxidant Activities of Ripe and Unripe Plantain Powder of Musa paradisiaca and Musa accuminata. Am J Biosc Bioeng, 3: 87-90.
Dutta PK, Das AK, Banerji N. 1983. A tetracyclic triterpenoid from Musa paradisiaca. Phytochem, 22: 2563-2564.
Eleazu CO, Okafor P. 2015. Use of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) in the management of diabetes and hepatic dysfunction in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Interv Med Appl Sci, 7: 9-16.
Eleazu CO, Okafor PN, Amajor J, Awa E, Ikpeama AI, Eleazu KC. 2011. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity, functional properties and inhibitory action of unripe plantain (M. Paradisiacae) flour. Afr J Biotechnol, 10: 16937-16947.
Elujoba AA, Odeleye O, Ogunyemi C. 2005. Traditional medicine development for medical and dental primary health care delivery system in Africa. Afr J Trad Comp Alt Med, 2:46-61.
Ezekwesili CN, Ghasi S, Adindu CS, Mefoh NC. 2014. Evaluation of the anti-ulcer property of aqueous extract of unripe Musa paradisiaca Linn. Peel in Wistar rats. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol, 8: 1006-1011.
Fisher DI, Safrany ST, Strike P, Mclennan AG, Cartwright JL. 2002. Nudix hydrolases that degrade dinucleoside and diphosphoinositol polyphosphates also have 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) pyrophosphatase activity that generates the glycolytic activator ribose 1, 5-bisphosphate. J Biol Chem, 277: 47313-47317.
Han ZZ, Xu HD, Kim KH, Ahn TH, Bae JS, Lee JY, Gil KH, Lee JY, Woo SJ, Yoo HJ. 2010. Reference data of the main physiological parameters in control Sprague-     Dawley rats from pre-clinical toxicity studies. Lab Anim Res, 26: 153-164.
Haukioja A. 2010. Probiotics and oral health. Eur J Dent, 4:348-355.
Ibukun OE, Kade IJ, Oguntoyinbo TA, Ogunmoyole T, Johnson OD. 2012. Effect of ripening      on the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of plantain (Musa       paradisiaca). J Med Plants Res, 6: 5077-5085.
Ikpeazu O, Elekwa I, Ugbogu A, Arunsi U, Uche-Ikonne C. 2017. Preliminary Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Potential of Aqueous Extract of Fermented Unripe Musa paradisiaca in Wistar Rats. Am J Biomed Res, 5: 17-23.
Imam MZ, Akter S. 2011. Musa paradisiaca L. and musa sapientum L.: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. J Appl Pharm Sci, 01:14-20.
Ioannou GN, Weiss NS, Boyko EJ, Mozaffarian D, Lee SP. 2006. Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity and calculated risk of coronary heart disease in the United States. Hepatol, 43: 1145-1151.
Jawla S, Kumar Y, Khan M. 2012. Antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic activities of Musa paradisiaca flowers. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2: S914-S918.
Kapadia SP, Pudakalkatti PS, Shivanaikar S. 2015. Detection of antimicrobial activity of banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: An in vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent, 6: 496-499.
Kaushansky K. 1995. Thrombopoietin: the primary regulator of megakaryocyte and platelet production. Thromb and Haemos, 74: 521-525.
Ketiku AO. 1973. Chemical composition of unripe (green) and ripe plantain (musa paradisiaca). J Sci Food Agric, 24: 703-707.
Kiin-Kabari DB, Giami SY. 2015. Physico-Chemical, Starch Fractions and Dietary Fibre of Biscuits Produced from Different Levels of Substitution of Wheat Flour with Plantain Flour. Int J Food Sci Nutri Engn, 5: 197-202.
Kong BH, Tan NH, Fung SY, Pailoor J. 2016a. Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus tigris Chon S. Tan Cultivar E Sclerotium in Sprague Dawley Rats. Front Pharmacol, 7:246.
Kong BH, Tan NH, Fung SY, Pailoor J, Tan CS Ng ST. 2016b. Nutritional composition, antioxidant properties, and toxicology evaluation of the sclerotium of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus tigris cultivar E. Nutri Res, 36: 174-183.
Liong MT, Fung WY, Ewe JA, Kuan CY, Lye HS. 2009. The improvement of hypertension by probiotics: effects on cholesterol, diabetes, renin, and phytoestrogens. Int J Mol Sci, 10:3755–75.
Michael B, Yano B, Sellers RS, Perry R, Morton D, Roome N, Johnson JK, Schafer K. 2007. Evaluation of organ weights for rodent and non-rodent toxicity studies: a review of regulatory guidelines and a survey of current practices. Toxicolo Pathol, 35: 742-750.
Neuwinger HD 2000. African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications. With supplement: search system for diseases. Medpharm.
Nirmala M, Girija K, Lakshman K, Divya T. 2012. Hepatoprotective activity of Musa paradisiaca on experimental animal models. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2: 11-15.
Musa H, Wu S, Zhu C, Seri H, Zhu G. 2009. The potential benefits of probiotics in animal           production and health. J Anim Vet Adv, 8:313-321.
 OECD 2001. Organization for economic cooperation and development Guideline 423.Acute      oral toxicity- acute toxic class method. 470 adopted by the council on 17th,December     2001.
OECD 1995. Organization for economic cooperation and development Guideline 407.     Repeated-dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents. 468 adopted by the council on        27th, July 1995.
Ojewole J, Adewunmi C. 2003. Hypoglycemic effect of methanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca (Musaceae) green fruits in normal and diabetic mice. Exp Clin Pharmacol, 25: 453-456.
Olorunnisola O, Bradley G, Afolayan A. 2012. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea rhizomes in Wistar rats. Afr J Biotechnol, 11: 14934-14940.
Rao U, Suryati MK, Abdurrazaq M, Ahmad BA, Mohaslinda M, Ali RM. 2014. Taxonomical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Reviews of Musa sapientum var. Paradisiaca. Res J Pharm Technol, 7: 1356-1361.
Shodehinde SA, Oboh G. 2013. Antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of unripe Musa paradisiaca on sodium nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas in vitro. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 3: 449-457.
Ugbogu EA, Okezie E, Elekwa I, Uhegbu F, Akubugwo E, Chinyere CG, Ewuzie F, Ugorji CJ. 2016. Toxicological assessment of the aqueous dried leaf extracts of Senna alata L. in wistar rats. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol, 10: 709-717.
World Health Organization. 2002. WHO Trad Med Strat, 2002-2005.
Yakubu MT, Nurudeen QO, Salimon SS, Yakubu MO, Jimoh RO, Nafiu MO, Akanji MA, Oladiji AT, Williams FE. 2015. Antidiarrhoeal Activity of Musa paradisiaca Sap in Wistar Rats. Evidence-Based Compl Alter Med, 2015: 9.
Zhang X. 2000. General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicine. WHO, 1-71.