ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of methanol leaf extract of Dalbergia saxatilis Hook.f (fabaceae) on renal function
Objective: Dalbegia saxatilis (D.saxatilis) is used as a decoction in traditional medicine for ailments such as cough, small pox, skin lesions, bronchial ailments and toothache. This study is aimed at evaluating the toxic effect of methanol leaf extract of D.saxatilis on renal function. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats of both sexes were divided into four groups of five: control animals (group 1) received distilled water 1 ml/kg while groups 2, 3 and 4 were given graded doses of the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight, respectively) daily for 28 days. Body weight changes were estimated by weighing the rats twice weekly using digital weighing balance. After 28 days, blood samples were obtained for evaluation of renal indices and the kidney was used for histopathology. Data were analysed using one–way and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS version 20. Results: Significant weight increase in all groups were observed (p<0.05). Significant reduction in electrolytes concentration was observed following treatment with extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) (p<0.05). Histopathological findings of the kidney revealed massive necrosis of the glomerulus with tubular distortion and lymphocyte hyperplasia at 250 and 500 mg/kg while intense glomerular and tubular necrosis was observed at 1000 mg/kg of the extract. Conclusion: Since different doses of the extract caused reduction in electrolyte concentration and damage to the kidney it is suggested that prolonged administration of the extract is associated with increased risk of kidney toxicity.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_6321_ff8f74f4aec414611283dbca2ecf2156.pdf
2016-11-01
592
596
10.22038/ajp.2016.6321
Dalbergia saxatilis
Renal function
Histopathology
Fatima Ismail
Hassan
pharm.fatee@yahoo.com
1
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdulkadir Umar
Zezi
zumar003@yahoo.com
2
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Umar Habib
Danmalam
hdanmalam@yahoo.co.uk
3
Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Abdullahi Hamza
Yaro
yaropharm@yahoo.com
4
Department of Pharmacology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Ballantyne B, Marrs TC, Turner P. 1993. Fundamentals of toxicology; in General and Applied Toxicology, B. Ballantyne, T. Marrs, and P. Turner, eds. pp. 3 – 38. New York, M. Stockton Press.
1
Briggs JP, Singh IIJ, Sawaya BE. 1996. Disorders of salt balance. In: Kokko J.P., Tannen R.L., eds. Fluids and Electrolytes. 3rd ed., pp. 3 – 62, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders.
2
Goldstein R and Schnellman R. 1996. Toxic responses of the kidney; in Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The BasicScience of Poisons, 5th ed., Klaassen C.D., ed., pp. 417–442, McGraw-Hill, New York.
3
Hall P and Cash J. 2012. What is the Real Function of the Liver ‘Function’ Tests? Ulster Med J, 81: 30-36
4
Halperin ML and Goldstein MB. 1994. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Physiology: A Problem-Based Approach. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA, W.B. Saunders.
5
Koch SM and Taylor RW. 1992. Chloride ion in intensive care medicine. Crit Care Med, 20: 227-240.
6
Okigbo RN, Anuagasi CL, Amadi JE. 2009. Advances in selected medicinal and aromatic plants indigenous to Africa. J Med Plant Res, 3: 086-095.
7
Okwute SK, Onyia R, Anene C, Amodu OP. 2009. Protectant, insecticidal and antimicrobial potentials of Dalbergia saxatilisHook f. (fabaceae). Afr J Biotech, 8: 6556-6560.
8
Robinson S, Chapman K, Hudson S, Sparrow S, Spencer-Briggs D, Danks A, Hill R, Everett D, Mulier B, Old S, Bruce C. 2009. Guidance on dose level selection for regulatory general toxicology studies for pharmaceuticals. National center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research Laboratory Animal Science Association (NC3Rs)/Laboratory Animal Science Association (LASA) [Last accedes on 2010 Dec 25]. Available from: http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/document.asp?id=1317 .
9
Saha S, Shilpi JA, Mondal H, Hossain F, Anisuzzman M, Hasan M and Cordell GA. 2013. Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological profile of thegenus Dalbergia L. (Fabaceae). Phytopharmacology, 4: 91-346.
10
Sofidiya MO, Odukoya OA, Familoni OB, Inya-Agha SI. 2006. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Some Nigerian Medicinal Plant Extracts. Pak J Biol Sci, 9, 1438-1441.
11
Uchendu CN. 2000. Biological Activity of Root Extracts from Dalbergia saxatilis. J Herbs Spices Med Plants, 6: 96-97.
12
Uchendu CN. 2003. Inhibitory Role of Dalbergia saxatilis on β-adrenergic Actions of Salbutamol in Isolated Rat Uterine Strips. J Nat Remedies, 3: 138 – 142.
13
Yemitan KO and Adeyemi OO. 2003. Anxiolytic and Muscle-Relaxant Activities of Dalbergia saxatilis. West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res, 19: 42-46.
14
Yemitan KO and Adeyemi OO. 2005. Protection against generalised seizured by Dalbergia saxatilis (Hook, F.) in the pentylenetetrazole and electroconvulsive models. West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res, 21: 43-47.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss hydroalcoholic extract and fractions in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice
Objective: At present, there are many antiepileptic drugs with a wide range of side effects on the human body. It was assumed that Zataria multiflora Boiss (Z. multiflora) with sedative, anti-spasmodic and anti-inflammatory activity may be effective in the treatment of epilepsy. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of Z. multiflora hydroalcoholic extract and its fraction extracts on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced chemical kindling. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, eight separate groups of male albino mice were used. All groups received 11 separate intraperitoneal injections of PTZ (35 mg/kg) with two-day intervals. 30 min before the injection of PTZ, mice received vehicle, Z. multiflora hydroalcoholic extract (300 and 600 mg/kg), n-hexane, acetone, methanol fraction extracts (150 mg/kg), or diazepam (10 mg/kg). Results: The kindled mice that were pretreated with vehicle showed a gradual increase in their seizure scores up to the end of the study. The hydroalcoholic extract of Z. multiflora (300 and 600 mg/kg) reduced seizure scores significantly. However, n-hexane, acetone and methanol extracts did not affect seizure scores significantly. Conclusion: The present findings demonstrate that the hydroalcoholic extract of Z. multiflora did reduce the severity of seizure attacks in PTZ-induced chemical kindling in mice.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_6328_6146d78a89a6838b26ba7e792c37d7b1.pdf
2016-11-01
597
603
10.22038/ajp.2016.6328
Seizure
Zataria multiflora Boiss
Plant extracts
Pentylenetetrazole
Ali
Shamsizadeh
alishamsy@gmail.com
1
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Farangis
Fatehi
arshin1382@yahoo.com
2
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Arab Baniasad
faba.1987@gmail.com
3
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Ayoobi
ayoobi_fatemeh@yahoo.com
4
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ebrahim
Rezvani
erezvani@yahoo.com
5
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Roohbakhsh
roohbakhsha@mums.ac.ir
6
Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Arzi A, Zahedi Asl S, Fallah Zadeh D. 2003. Study of the preventive effect of Hydroalcoholic extract of Thymus Vulgaris (TV) on Nicotine induced convulsion. Jundishapur Sci Med J, 37: 61-72.
1
Bell GS, Neligan A, Sander JW. 2014. An unknown quantity--the worldwide prevalence of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 55: 958-962.
2
Ben J, de Oliveira PA, Goncalves FM, Peres TV, Matheus FC, Hoeller AA, Leal RB, Walz R, Prediger RD. 2014. Effects of pentylenetetrazole kindling on mitogen-activated protein kinases levels in neocortex and hippocampus of mice. Neurochem Res, 39: 2492-2500.
3
Boskabady MH, Gholami Mahtaj L. 2014. Effect of the Zataria multiflora on systemic inflammation of experimental animals model of COPD. Biomed Res Int, 2014: 802189.
4
Boskabady MH, Gholami Mahtaj L. 2015. Lung inflammation changes and oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke exposure in guinea pigs affected by Zataria multiflora and its constituent, carvacrol. BMC Complement Altern Med, 15: 39.
5
Crestani F, Martin JR, Mohler H, Rudolph U. 2000. Mechanism of action of the hypnotic zolpidem in vivo. Br J Pharmacol, 131: 1251-1254.
6
Damasceno DD, Ferreira AJ, Doretto MC, Almeida AP. 2012. Anticonvulsant and antiarrhythmic effects of nifedipine in rats prone to audiogenic seizures. Braz J Med Biol Res, 45: 1060-1065.
7
Erakovic V, Zupan G, Varljen J, Simonic A. 2003. Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and kindling: changes in free fatty acids, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Neurochem Int, 42: 173-178.
8
Getova DP, Dimitrova DS. 2000. Effects of the anticholinesterase drug tacrine on the development of PTZ kindling and on learning and memory processes in mice. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 42: 5-9.
9
Gharib Naseri MK. 2003. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss leaf hydroalchoholic extract on rat ileum. Behbood J, 7: 18-26.
10
Han JY, Ahn SY, Kim CS, Yoo SK, Kim SK, Kim HC, Hong JT, Oh KW. 2012. Protection of apigenin against kainate-induced excitotoxicity by anti-oxidative effects. Biol Pharm Bull, 35: 1440-1446.
11
Hansen SL, Sperling BB, Sanchez C. 2004. Anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic effects of GABAA receptor ligands in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 28: 105-113.
12
Helmers SL, Thurman DJ, Durgin TL, Pai AK, Faught E. 2015. Descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy in the U.S. population: A different approach. Epilepsia, 56: 942-8.
13
Homayoun M, Seghatoleslam M, Pourzaki M, Shafieian R, Hosseini M, Ebrahimzadeh Bideskan A. 2015. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of Rosa damascena hydro-alcoholic extract on rat hippocampus. Avicenna J Phytomed, 5: 260-270.
14
Italiano D, Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Spina E, Mondello S, Labate A, Gambardella A, Aguglia U. 2014. Generalized versus partial reflex seizures: a review. Seizure, 23: 512-520.
15
Jain S, Bharal N, Khurana S, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK. 2011. Anticonvulsant and antioxidant actions of trimetazidine in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 383: 385-392.
16
Kupferberg H. 2001. Animal models used in the screening of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 42: 7-12.
17
Loscher W, Fassbender CP, Nolting B. 1991. The role of technical, biological and pharmacological factors in the laboratory evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. II. Maximal electroshock seizure models. Epilepsy Res, 8: 79-94.
18
Loscher W, Rundfeldt C, Honack D. 1993. Pharmacological characterization of phenytoin-resistant amygdala-kindled rats, a new model of drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 15: 207-219.
19
Loscher W, Schmidt D. 1988. Which animal models should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations. Epilepsy Res, 2: 145-181.
20
Majlessi N, Choopani S, Kamalinejad M, Azizi Z. 2012. Amelioration of amyloid beta-induced cognitive deficits by Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther, 18: 295-301.
21
Mandegary A, Sharififar F, Abdar M. 2013. Anticonvulsant effect of the essential oil and methanolic extracts of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem, 13: 93-97.
22
Martinc B, Grabnar I, Vovk T. 2014. Antioxidants as a preventive treatment for epileptic process: a review of the current status. Curr Neuropharmacol, 12: 527-550.
23
Molina-Salinas GM, Ramos-Guerra MC, Vargas-Villarreal J, Mata-Cardenas BD, Becerril-Montes P, Said-Fernandez S. 2006. Bactericidal activity of organic extracts from Flourensia cernua DC against strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arch Med Res, 37: 45-49.
24
Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M, Mohammadi Motamed S, Ghorbani A. 2005. Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: from ethnobotany to pharmacology. Iran J Pharm Res, 2: 63-79.
25
Naseri MKG. 2003. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss leaf hydroalcoholic extract on rat ileum. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci,7: 1-4.
26
Piazzini A, Canevini MP, Maggiori G, Canger R. 2001. The perception of memory failures in patients with epilepsy. Eur J Neurol, 8: 613-620.
27
Quintans-Júnior L J, Guimarães AG, Araújo BE, Oliveira GF, Santana MT, Moreira FV, Santos MRV, Cavalcanti WD, Lucca Júnior WD, Botelho M, Ribeiro LA, Nóbrega FF, Almeida RN. 2013. Carvacrol,(-)-borneol and citral reduce convulsant activity in rodents. Afr J Biotech, 9: 6566-6572.
28
Rezvani ME, Roohbakhsh A, Allahtavakoli M, Shamsizadeh A. 2010. Anticonvulsant effect of aqueous extract of Valeriana officinalis in amygdala-kindled rats: possible involvement of adenosine. J Ethnopharmacol, 127: 313-318.
29
Sajed H, Sahebkar A, Iranshahi M. 2013. Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi thyme) an ancient condiment with modern pharmaceutical uses. J Ethnopharmacol, 145: 686-698.
30
Sancheti J, Shaikh MF, Chaudhari R, Somani G, Patil S, Jain P, Sathaye S. 2014. Characterization of anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic potential of thymol in various experimental models. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 387: 59-66.
31
Sharif rohani M, Assaeian H, Leshtoo aghaee G. 2008. A study of anesthetic effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss (Labiatae) essence on Oncorhynchus mykiss and cultured Salmo trutta caspius. Iran Sci Fish J, 16: 99-106.
32
Sharififar F, Mirtajadini M, Azampour MJ, Zamani E. 2012. Essential oil and methanolic extract of Zataria multiflora Boiss with anticholinesterase effect. Pak J Biol Sci, 15: 49-53.
33
Sucher NJ, Carles MC. 2015. A pharmacological basis of herbal medicines for epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 52: 308-318.
34
Zhu HL, Wan JB, Wang YT, Li BC, Xiang C, He J, Li P. 2014. Medicinal compounds with antiepileptic/anticonvulsant activities. Epilepsia, 55: 3-16.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Saffron’omics’: The challenges of integrating omic technologies
Saffron is one of the highly exotic spices known for traditional values and antiquity. It is used for home décor besides serving as a colorant flavor and is widely known for medicinal value. Over the last few years, saffron has garnered a lot of interest due to its anti-cancer, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Integration of systems biology approaches with wide applications of saffron remains a growing challenge as new techniques and methods advance. Keeping in view of the dearth of a review summarizing the omics and systems biology of saffron, we bring an outline on advancements in integrating omic technologies, the medicinal plant has seen in recent times.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_6792_be0f0008e4f6a75372063f5268d2f0a7.pdf
2016-11-01
604
620
10.22038/ajp.2016.6792
Genomics
Systems Biology
Medicinal value
Thearapeutics
Sameera
Panchangam
sameera.panchangam@gmail.com
1
Bioclues.org, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500072, Telangana, India
AUTHOR
Maryam
Vahedi
mary.vahedi@gmail.com
2
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 4111, Iran
AUTHOR
MohanKumar
Megha
meghamohan514@gmail.com
3
Bioclues.org, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500072, Telangana, India
AUTHOR
Anuj
Kumar
anuj@bioclues.org
4
Advanced Center for Computational & Applied Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology, Dehradun 248007, India
AUTHOR
Kaamini
Raithatha
mini.bioinfos@gmail.com
5
Bioclues.org, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500072, Telangana, India and Department of Applied Mathematics, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda 390002, Gujarat
AUTHOR
Prashanth
Suravajhala
prash@bioclues.org
6
Bioclues.org, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500072, Telangana, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Pratap
Reddy
pratapvv@gmail.com
7
Bioclues.org, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500072, Telangana, India
AUTHOR
Abdullaev FI. 2004. Antitumor effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.): overview and perspectives. Acta Hort, 491-500.
1
Abrishami MH. Mashhad. 1997. Iranian saffron. Historic, cultural and agronomic prospects. Iran: AstanGhods Razavi Publication, pp. 1–10.
2
Agayev YMO, Fernandez JA, Zarifi E. 2009. Clonal selection of saffron (Crocus sativus L.): the first optimistic experimental results. Euphytica, 169: 81-99.
3
Álvarez-Ortí M, Gómez LG, Rubio A, Escribano J, Pardo J, Jiménez F,Fernández JA.2004. Development and gene expression in saffron corms. Acta Hortic. (ISHS), 650: 141-153.
4
Amin A, Hamza AA, Bajbouj K, Ashraf SS, Daoud S. 2011. Saffron: a potential candidate for a novel anticancer drug against hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol, 54: 857-867.
5
TorelliAssimiadis MK, Tarantilis PA, Polissiou MG. 1998. UV-Vis, FT-Raman and H-NMR spectroscopies of cis-trans carotenoids from saffron (Crocus sativus L.).Appl Spect, 52: 519–522.
6
Bathaie SZ, Farajzade A, Hoshyar R. 2014. A review of the chemistry and uses of crocins and crocetin, the carotenoid natural dyes in saffron, with particular emphasis on applications as colorants including their use as biological stains.Biotechnic Histochem, 89: 401-411.
7
Beale MH, Sussman, MR. 2011. Metabolomics of Arabidopsis thaliana.Ann Plant Rev, 43: 157–180.
8
Bhattacharjee B, Vijayasarathy S, Karunakar P, Chatterjee J. 2012 Comparative reverse screening approach to identify potential anti-neoplastic targets of saffron functional components and binding mode. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13: 5605-11.
9
Broadhead GK, Chang A, Grigg J, McCluskey P. 2015. Efficacy and Safety of Saffron Supplementation: Current Clinical Findings. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 15:0.
10
Busconi M, Colli L, Sánchez RA, Santaella M, De-Los-Mozos PM, Santana O, Roldán M, Fernández JA .2015. AFLP and MS-AFLP analysis of the variation within saffron crocus (Crocus sativus L.) germplasm.PLoS One, 10: e0123434.
11
Cagliani LR, Culeddu N, Chessa M, Consonni R. 2015. NMR investigations for quality assessment of Italian PDO saffron (Crocus sativus L.).Food Contrl, 50: 342–348.
12
Calsteren MR, Bissonnette MC, Cormier F, Dufrense C, Ichi T, Le BlancCY, et al. 1997. Spectroscopic characterization of crocetin derivatives from Crocus sativus and Gardenia jasminoides. J Agri Food Chem, 45: 1055–1061.
13
Carmona M, Zalacain A, Salinas MR, Alonso GL. 2007. A new approach to saffron aroma.Crit Rev Food Sci. Nutr, 47: 145-159.
14
Castillo R, Fernández JA, Gómez-Gómez L. 2005.Implications of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes in Apocarotenoid Formation during the Stigma Development of Crocus sativus and Its Closer Relatives.Plant Physiol, 139: 674–689.
15
Chahine N, Nader M ,Duca L, Martiny L, Chahine R. 2015. Saffron extracts alleviate cardiomyocytes injury induced by doxorubicin and ischemia-reperfusion in vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol, 17: 1-10.
16
D'Agostino N, Pizzichini D, Chiusano ML, Giuliano G. 2007. An EST database from saffron stigmas.BMC Plant Biol, 7: 53-61.
17
Das I, Das S, Saha T. 2010. Saffron suppresses oxidative stress in DMBA-induced skin carcinoma: a histopathological study. Acta Histo Chem, 112: 317-327.
18
Fernández JA. 2004. Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. In. Ed. Pandalai, S. G. Recent Res Dev Plant Sci, 2: 127-159.
19
Festuccia C, Mancini A, Gravina GL, Scarsella L, Llorens S, Alonso, G L, Carmona M. 2014. Antitumor effects of saffron-derived carotenoids in prostate cancer cell models. Bio Med Res Intl, 135048.
20
Floudas CA. 2007. Computational methods in protein structure prediction. Biotechnol Bioeng, 97: 207-13.
21
Formisano C, Rigano D, Senatore F, Celik S, Bruno M, Rosselli S. 2008. Volatile constituents of aerial parts of three endemic Centaurea species from Turkey: Centaurea amanicola Hub.-Mor., Centaurea consanguinea DC. And Centaurea ptosimopappa Hayek and their antibacterial activities. Nat Prod Res, 22: 833–839.
22
Frusciante S, Diretto G, Bruno M, Ferrante P, Pietrella M, Prado-Cabrero A, Giuliano G. 2014. Novel carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase catalyzes the first dedicated step in saffron crocin biosynthesis. PNAS, 111: 12246-12251.
23
Ghadrdoost B, Vafaei AA, Rashidy-Pour A, Hajisoltani R, Bandegi AR, Motamedi F, Pahlvan S. 2011. Protective effects of saffron extract and its active constituent crocin against oxidative stress and spatial learning and memory deficits induced by chronic stress in rats.Euro J Pharmacol, 667: 222-229.
24
Gómez-Gómez L, Moraga-Rubio, A, Ahrazem O. 2010. Understanding carotenoid metabolism in saffron stigmas: unravelling aroma and color formation. Func Plant Sci Biotech, 4: 56-63.
25
Guan H, Kiss-Toth E. 2008.Advanced technologies for studies on protein interactomes. In: Werther M, Seitz H (Eds), Protein–Protein Interaction , pp. 1-24, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
26
Hamid B, Sam S, Islam T, Singh P, Sharma M. 2009. The free radical scavenging and the lipid peroxidation inhibition of Crocin isolated from Kashmiri saffron (Crocus sativus) occurring in northern part of India. Int J Pharm Tech Res, 1: 1317-1321.
27
Harrold JM, Ramanathan M, Mager DE. 2013. Network-based approaches in drug discovery and early development.Clin Pharmacol Ther, 94: 651-8.
28
HausenblasHA ,Heekin K , Mutchie HL Anton S. 2015. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials examining the effectiveness of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on psychological and behavioral outcomes.J Integr Med, 13: 231–240.
29
Hosseinzadeh H, Noraei NB. 2009. Anxiolytic and hypnotic effect of Crocus sativus aqueous extract and its constituents, crocin and safranal, in mice. Phytother Res, 23: 768-774.
30
Hosseinzadeh H, Karimi G, Niapoor M. 2004. Antidepressant effect of Crocus sativus L. stigma extracts and their constituents, crocin and safranal, in mice.Acta Hort, 650: 435-445.
31
Hosseinzadeh H, Ziaee T, Sadeghi A. 2008. The effect of saffron, Crocus sativusstigma, extract and its constituents, safranal and crocin on sexual behaviors in normal male rats.Phytomed, 15: 491-495. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_use_of_saffron
32
Husaini AM. 2014. Challenges of climate change: Omics-based biology of saffron plants and organic agricultural biotechnology for sustainable saffron production. GM crops food, 5: 97-105.
33
Husaini AM, Wani SA, Sofi P, Rather AG, Parray GA, Shikari AB, Mir JI. 2009. Bioinformatics for saffron (Crocus sativus L.) improvement. Comm Biomet Crop Sci, 4: 3-8.
34
Jessie SW, Krishnakantha TP. 2005. Inhibition of human platelet aggregation and membrane lipid peroxidation by food spice, saffron.Mol Cell Biochem, 278: 59-63.
35
Jiang C, Cao L, Yuan Y, Chen M, Jin Y, Huang L. 2014. Barcoding Melting Curve Analysis for Rapid, Sensitive, and Discriminating Authentication of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) from Its Adulterants. Bio Med Res Int, 2014: 809037
36
Kahlem P, Newfeld SJ. 2009. Informatics approaches to understanding TGFβ pathway regulation. Dev (Cambridge, England), 136: 3729–3740.
37
Kyriakoudi A, Ordoudi AS, Roldán-Medina M, Tsimidou ZM. 2015. Saffron, a functional spice. Austin J Nutri Food Sci, 3: 1059.
38
Leffingwell JC. 2002. Saffron. Leffingwell Rep, 2:1–6.
39
Mathews-Roth MM. 1982. Effect of crocetin on experimental skin tumors in hairless mice.Oncol, 39: 362-364.
40
Mir JI, Ahmed N, Singh DB, Khan MH, Zffer S, Shafi W. 2015.Breeding and biotechnological opportunities in saffron crop improvement. Afri J Agri Res, 10: 1970-1974.
41
Moraga ÁR, Mozos AT, Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L. 2009. Cloning and characterization of a glucosyltransferase from Crocus sativus stigmas involved in flavonoid glucosylation. BMC Plant Bio, 9: 109.
42
Mousavi SZ and Bathaie SZ. 2011. Historical uses of saffron: Identifying potential new avenues for modern research. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 1: 57-66.
43
Naghshineh A, Dadras A, Ghalandari B, Riazi GH, Modaresi SMS, Afrasiabi A, AslaniM K. 2015.Safranal as a novel anti-tubulin binding agent with potential use in cancer therapy: An in vitro study. Chemico-biological interactions. 238: 151-160.
44
Nemati Z, Mardi M, Majidian P, Zeinalabedini M, Pirseyedi SM, Bahadori M. 2014. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), a monomorphic or polymorphic species?. Spanish J Agri Res, 12: 753-762.
45
Nithya G, Sakthisekaran D. 2015.In Silico Docking Studies On The Anti-Cancer Effect Of Thymoquinone On Interaction With Pten- A Regulator Of Pi3k/ Akt Pathway. Asian J Pharma Clin Res, 1: 192-195.
46
Omidi A, Riahinia N, Torbati MBM, Behdani MA. 2014. Hepatoprotective effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) petals extract against acetaminophen toxicity in male Wistar rats. Avicenna J Phytomed, 4: 330.
47
Ordoudi SA, Tsimidou MZ. 2004. Production practices and quality assessment of food crops. In: Dris R, Jain SM (Eds.), Saffron Quality: Effect of agricultural practices, processing and storage, pp. 209–260, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publ.Dordrecht.
48
Ordoudi SA, Cagliani LR, Lalou S, Naziri E, Tsimidou MZ, Consonni R. 2015. H NMR-based metabolomics of saffron reveals markers for its quality deterioration. Food Res Int, 70: 1–6.
49
Pentony MM, Winters P, Penfold-Brown D, Drew K, Narechania A, DeSalle R, Bonneau R, Purugganan MD. 2012. The Plant Proteome folding project: structure and positive selection in plant protein families. Genome BiolEvol, 4: 360-371.
50
Pieper U, Eswar N, Davis FP, Braberg H, Madhusudhan MS, Rossi A, Marti-Renom M, Karchin R, Webb BM, Eramian D, Shen MY, Kelly L, Melo F,. Sali A. 2006. MODBASE: a database of annotated comparative protein structure models and associated resources. Nuc Acid Res, 34: 291-295.
51
Piqueras A, Han BH, Escribano’ J, Rubio’ C, Hellín E, Fernández JA. 1999. Development of cormogenic nodules and microcorms by tissue culture, a new tool for the multiplication and genetic improvement of saffron. Agron, 19: 603-610.
52
Poma A, Fontecchio G, Carlucci G, Chichiricco G. 2012. Anti-inflammatory properties of drugs from saffron crocus. Anti-Inflamm Anti-Aller Agents in Med Chem, 11: 37-51.
53
Rezaee R, Hosseinzadeh H. 2013. Safranal: from an aromatic natural product to a rewarding pharmacological agent. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 16: 12.
54
Rubio-Moraga A, Ahrazem O, Pérez-Clemente RM, Gómez-Cadenas A, Yoneyama K, López-Ráez JA, Molina RV, Gómez-Gómez L. 2014. Apical dominance in saffron and the involvement of the branching enzymes CCD7 and CCD8 in the control of bud sprouting.BMC Plant Biol, 14: 171.
55
Saffari B, Mohabatkar H Mohsenzadeh S. 2008. T and B-cell epitopes prediction of Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus) profiling by bioinformatics tools.Protein Pept Lett, 15: 280-5.
56
Saxena RB. 2010. Botany, Taxonomy and Cytology of Crocus sativus series. Ayu, 31: 374.
57
Sahihi M. 2015. In-Silico Study on the Interaction of Saffron Ligands and beta-Lactoglobulin by Molecular Dynamics and Docking Approach. J Macromol Sci Ph, doi: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1125066.
58
Schmidt M, Betti G, Hensel A. 2007. Saffron in phytotherapy: pharmacology and clinical uses. Wien Med Wochenschr, 157: 315-319.
59
Sharifi G, Ebrahimzadeh H, Ghareyazie B, Gharechahi J, Vatankhah E. 2012. Identification of differentially accumulated proteins associated with embryogenic and non-embryogeniccalli in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Proteome Sci, 10: 3-18.
60
Shen J, Luo YM, Ding XY, Mao SG. 2007. Authentication of Crocus sativus L. and its adulterants by rDNA ITS sequences and allele-specific PCR. J Nanjing Normal Univ, 30: 89-92.
61
Singla RK, Bhat, VG. 2011. Crocin: An Overview. Indo Global J Pharma Sci, 1: 281-286.
62
Suravajhala P, Sundararajan VS. 2012. A classification scoring schema to validate protein interactors. Bioinformation, 8: 34-9.
63
Szklarczyk D, Franceschini A, Wyder S, Forslund K, Heller D, Huerta-Cepas J, Simonovic M, Roth A, Santos A, TsafouKP, Kuhn M, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C STRING v10: protein-protein interaction networks, integrated over the tree of life. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Jan;43(Database issue):D447-52.
64
Tabassum N, Hamdani M. 2014. Plants used to treat skin diseases. Pharmacognosy Rev, 8: 52.
65
Torelli A, Marieschi M, Bruni R. 2014. Authentication of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in different processed, retail products by means of SCAR markers.FoodContrl, 36: 126-131.
66
Tsaftaris A, Pasentsis K, Makris A, Darzentas N, Polidoros A, Kalivas A, Argiriou A. 2011. The study of the E-class SEPALLATA3-like MADS-box genes in wild-type and mutant flowers of cultivated saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its putative progenitors.J Plant Physiol, 168: 1675-1684.
67
Tsatsaroni E, Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M. 1995. Effect of enzymatic treatment on the dyeing of cotton and wool fibers with natural dyes.Dyes and pig, 29: 203-209.
68
Vandamme D, Minke BA, Fitzmaurice W, Kholodenko BN, Kolch W. 2014. Systems biology‐embedded target validation: improving efficacy in drug discovery. Wiley Interdiscip Rev SystBiol Med, 6: 1-11.
69
Wetie AGN, Sokolowska I, Woods AG, Roy U, Deinhardt K, Darie CC. 2014 Protein–protein interactions: switch from classical methods to proteomics and bioinformatics-based approaches. Cell Mol Life Sci, 71: 205-228.
70
Yilmaz A, Nyberg NT, Molgaard P, Asili J, Jaroszewsk JW. 2010. HNMR metabolic fingerprinting of saffron extracts. Metab, 6: 511–517.
71
Zargari A. 1990. Medicinal Plants. Tehran: Tehran University Press; pp. 574–578.
72
Zeraatkar M, Khalili K, Foorginejad A. 2015. Studying and Generation of Saffron Flower's 3D Solid Model. Procedia Tech, 19: 62-69.
73
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Ethnobotanical knowledge of Apiaceae family in Iran: A review
Objective: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family is one of the biggest plant families on the earth. Iran has a huge diversity of Apiaceae members . This family possesses a range of compounds that have many biological activities. The members of this family are well known as vegetables, culinary and medicinal plants. Here, we present a review of ethnobotanical uses of Apiaceae plants by the Iranian people in order to provide a comprehensive documentation for future investigations. Materials and Methods: We checked scientific studies published in books and journals in various electronic databases (Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar websites) from 1937 to 2015 and reviewed a total of 52 publications that provided information about different applications of these plant species in human and livestock. Results: As a result of this review, several ethnobotanical usages of 70 taxa, 17 of which were endemic, have been determined. These plants were used for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes. The most commonly used parts were fruits, leaves, aerial parts and gums. The most common methods of preparation were decoction, infusion and poultice. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this paper represents a comprehensive literature search of ethnobotanical uses of Apiaceae reported from Iran. This study highlights the rich traditional knowledge of this family that has remained in Iran. However, most of this knowledge survive only as memories from the past in the minds of the elderly, and will probably vanish in a few decades. Thus, we compiled these scattered data together in a single document for the next scientific works with ethnobotanical interests.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_6696_5d38bf408c379558cf57d096d3ce4ade.pdf
2016-11-01
621
635
10.22038/ajp.2016.6696
Apiaceae
Ethnobotany
Medicinal Plants
Non- Medicinal Plants
Iran
Mohammad Sadegh
Amiri
m.s._amiri@pnu.ac.ir
1
Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Joharchi
joharchimr@yahoo.com
2
Department of Botany, Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Abbasi S, Afsharzadeh S, Mohajeri A. 2012. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Natanz region (Kashan), Iran. J Herbal Drugs, 3: 147-156.
1
Ahvazi M, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F, Charkhchiyan MM, Mojab F, Mozaffarian VA, Zakeri H. 2012. Introduction of medicinal plants species with the most traditional usage in Alamut region. Iranian J Pharm Res, 11: 185.
2
Alavi SHR, Yassa N, Fazeli MR. 2005. Chemical constituents and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Peucedanum ruthenicum M. Bieb. fruits. Iranian J Pharm Sci, 1: 217-222.
3
Alexiades NM, Sheldon JW. 1996. Selected guidelines for ethnobotanical research: a field manual. New York Botanical Garden.
4
Amin G. 1992. Popular Medicinal Plants of Iran. Vol. 1, Research Deputy, Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, Tehran.
5
Amiri MS, Jabbarzadeh P, Akhondi M. 2012. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by indigenous people in Zangelanlo district, Northeast Iran. J Med Plants Res, 6: 749-753.
6
Amiri MS, Joharchi MR. 2013. Ethnobotanical investigation of traditional medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of Mashhad, Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed, 3: 254.
7
Amiri MS, Joharchi MR. TaghavizadehYazdi ME. 2014. Ethno-medicinal plants used to cure jaundice by traditional healers of Mashhad, Iran. Iranian J Pharm Res, 13: 157.
8
Azizi H, Keshavarzi M. 2015. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Sardasht, Western Azerbaijan, Iran. J Herbal Drugs, 6: 113-119.
9
Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Avijgan M, Hosseini S, Golshahi H, Eftekhari Z, Gholizadeh GH. 2012. Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants used by Kurdish owner's in south range of Ilam province, west of Iran. Am-Euras J Agric Environ Sci, 12: 1128-1133.
10
Barani H, Rahimpour S. 2014. The dyeing procedures evaluation of wool fibers with prangos ferulacea and fastness characteristics. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering.
11
Delnavazi M R, Hadjiakhoondi A, Delazar A, Ajani Y, Tavakoli S, Yassa N. 2015. Phytochemical and Antioxidant Investigation of the Aerial Parts of Dorema glabrum Fisch. & CA Mey. Iranian J Pharm Res, 14: 925-931
12
Dolatkhahi M, Ghorbani Nohooji M, Mehrafarin A, Amini Nejad G R, Dolatkhahi A. 2012. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Kazeroon, Iran: Identification, distribution and traditional usage. J Med Plants, 2: 163-178.
13
Dolatkhahi M, Nabipour I. 2014. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used in the Northeast Latrine Zone of Persian Gulf. J Med Plants, 2: 129-143.
14
Emami SA, Nadjafi F, Amine GH, Amiri MS, Khosravi Mt, Nasseri M. 2012. Les espèces de plantes médicinales utilisées par les guérisseurs traditionnels dans la province de Khorasan, nord-est de l'Iran. J Ethnopharmacol, 48: 48-59.
15
Emami SA, Aghazari F. 2011. Iranian endemic phanerogams. Tehran University Publications, Tehran.
16
Ghorbani A. 2005. Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the region of Turkmen Sahra, north of Iran (Part 1): General results. J Ethnopharmacol, 102: 58-68.
17
Ghorbani A, Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M. 2006. Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and drug discovery. Iranian J Pharm Sci, 2: 109-118.
18
Ghorbani A, MirzaeiA-ghjeh-Qeshlagh F, Valizadeh-Yonjalli, R. 2014. Folk Herbal Veterinary Medicines of Zilberchay Watershed of East Azerbaijan (Iran). J Herbal Drugs, 5: 59-68.
19
Hooper D, Field H. 1937. Useful plants and drugs of Iran and Iraq. Field Museum of Natural History. Botanical Series, 9: 74-216.
20
Joharchi MR, Amiri MS. 2012. Taxonomic evaluation of misidentification of crude herbal drugs marketed in Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed, 2: 105-112.
21
Khodayari H, Amani S, Amiri H. 2015. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in different regions of Khuzestan province.
22
Koohpayeh A, Ghasemi Pirbalouti A, Yazdanpanah Ravari MM, Pourmohseni Nasab E, Arjomand D. 2011. Study the ethno-veterinary of medicinal plants in Kerman province, Iran. J Herbal Drugs, 2: 211-216.
23
Mardaninejad S, Janghorban M, Vazirpour M. 2013. Collection and identification of medicinal plants used by the indigenous people of Mobarakeh (Isfahan), southwestern Iran. J Herbal Drugs, 4: 23-32.
24
Meeker JE, Elias JE, Heim JA. 1993. Plants used by the Great Lakes Ojibwa Odanah, Wisconsin: Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission.
25
Mirdeilami SZ, Barani H, Mazandarani M, Heshmati GA. 2011. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Maraveh Tappe region, north of Iran. Iran J Plant Physiol, 2: 327-338.
26
Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F, Moazzeni H, Pirani A, Esmaeili S. 2012. Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of Iran. J ethnopharmacol, 141: 80-95.
27
Mozaffarian V. 2007. Umbelliferae. In: Flora of Iran, No. 54. (Assadi M, Khatamsaz M, Maasoumi AA, eds). Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran. Pp. 596.
28
Mozaffarian V. 2007. A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names.Tehran: Farhang-e Moaser, Pp. 671.
29
Mozaffarian, V. 2013. Identification of medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran. Farhang Moaser Publishers, Tehran. Pp.1444.
30
Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M, Mohammadi Motamed S, Ghorbani A. 2005. Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: From ethnobotany to pharmacology. Iranian J Pharm Res, 4: 63-79.
31
Nazemiyeh H, Razavi SM, Delazar A, Asnaashari S, Khoi NS, Daniali S, Nahar L, Sarker SD. 2009. Distribution Profile of Volatile Constituents in Different Parts of Astrodaucus orientalis (L.) Drude. Rec Nat Prod, 3: 126-130.
32
Pae HO, Oh H, Yun YG, Oh GS, Jang SI, Hwang KM. 2002. Imperatorin, a furanocoumarin from Angelica dahurica (Umbelliferae), induces cytochrome c-dependent apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukaemia, HL-60 cells. Pharmacol Toxicol, 91: 40–48.
33
Pimenov MG, Leonov MV. 1993. The genera of the Umbelliferae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
34
Pirbalouti AG, Malekpoor F, Enteshari S, Yousefi M, Momtaz H, Hamedi B. 2010. Antibacterial activity of some folklore medicinal plants used by Bakhtiari tribal in Southwest Iran. Int J Biol, 2: p55.
35
Ghasemi PA, Momeni M, Bahmani M. 2013. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Kurd tribe in Dehloran and Abdanan districts, Ilam province, Iran. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 10: 368-385.
36
Rajaei P, Mohamadi N, Motamed M. 2012. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of Hezar Mountain Allocated in South East of Iran. Iranian J Pharm Res, 11: 1153-1167.
37
Sadeghi Z, Kuhestani K, Abdollahi V, Mahmood A. 2014. Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. J ethnopharmacol, 153: 111-118.
38
Sadeghi Z, Mahmood A. 2014. Ethno-gynecological knowledge of medicinal plants used by Baluch tribes, southeast of Baluchistan, Iran. Rev Bras Farmacog, 24: 706-715.
39
Safa O, Soltanipoor MA, Rastegar S, Kazemi M, Dehkordi Kh, Ghannadi A. 2013. An ethnobotanical survey on hormozgan province, Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed, 3: 64-81.
40
Safarnejad A, Abbasi M, Tabatabaei SM. 2011. Agronomical and Botanical Characteristics of Cuminum setifolium (Boiss.) Kos.-Pol. a Plant with Potentially Medicinal Applications. Notulae Sci Biol, 3: 30-35.
41
Sahranavard S, Ghafari S, Mosaddegh M. 2014. Medicinal plants used in Iranian traditional medicine to treat epilepsy. Seizure, 23: 328-332.
42
Sajjadi S, Batooli H, Ghanbari A. 2011. collection, evaluation and ethnobotany of Kashan medicinal plants, 29-36.
43
Shafie-zadeh F. 2002. Medicinal plants of Lorestan. Lorestan University of Medicine, Haiian, Pp 142.
44
Sharififar F, Koohpayeh A, Motaghi MM, Amirkhosravi A, Puormohseni Nasab E, Khodashenas M. 2010. Study the ethnobotany of medicinal plants in Sirjan, Kerman province, Iran. J Herbal Drugs, 1: 19-28.
45
Sharififar F, Moharam-Khani M, Moattar F, Babakhanloo P, Khodami M. 2014. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of Joopar Mountains of Kerman Province, Iran. J Kerman Uni Med Sci, 21: 37-51.
46
Singh V, Jain DK. 2007. Taxonomy of angiosperms. 6 th ed. India: Rastogi publications, p. 298.
47
Sonboli A, Eftekhar F, Yousefzadi M, Kanani MR. 2005. Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Grammosciadium platycarpum Boiss. from Iran. Z Naturforsch [C], 60:30-34.
48
Tahvilian R, Shahriari S, Faramarzi A, Komasi A. 2014. Ethno-pharmaceutical Formulations in Kurdish Ethno-medicine. Iranian J Pharm Res, 13: 1029.
49
Yazdanshenas H, Shafeian E, Nasiri M, Mousavi SA. 2015. Indigenous knowledge on use values of Karvan district plants, Iran. Environ Dev Sustain, 1-22.
50
Zargari A. 1996. Medicinal Plants. Sixth ed. Tehran University Publication, Tehran.
51
Zarshenas MM, Arabzadeh A, Tafti MA, Kordafshari G, Zargaran A, Mohagheghzadeh A. 2013. Application of herbal exudates in traditional Persian medicine. Galen Med J, 1: 78-83.
52
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Carvacrol attenuates serum levels of total protein, phospholipase A2 and histamine in asthmatic guinea pig
Objective: Pharmacological effects of carvacrol such as its anti-inflammatory activities have been shows. In this study the effects of carvacrol on serum levels of total protein (TP), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and histamine in sensitized guinea pigs was evaluated. Materials and Methods: Sensitized guinea pigs were given drinking water alone (group S), drinking water containing three concentrations of carvacrol (40, 80 and 160 µg/ml) or dexamethasone. Serum levels of TP, PLA2 and histamine were examined I all sensitized groups as well as a non-sensitized control group (n=6 for each group). Results: In sensitized animals, serum levels of TP, PLA2 and histamine were significantly increased compared to control animals (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Significant reduction in TP, PLA2 and histamine levels were observed in treated groups with the two higher concentrations of carvacrol but dexamethasone treatment only decreased serum level of PLA2 (p<0.001). Although the effect of the lowest concentration of the extract was less than that of dexamethasone (p<0.05 for TP and p<0.001 for PLA2), the effects of the two higher concentrations on PLA2 were similar to dexamethasone and on TP (p<0.01) and histamine (p<0.001) were higher than those of dexamethasone. Conclusion: These results showed that carvacrol reduced serum levels of TP, PLA2 and histamine in sensitized guinea pigs which may indicate an anti-inflammatory effect of this agent in inflammatory disorders such as asthma.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_7762_86ed350f74e2c59f62374d73a7bdef6f.pdf
2016-11-01
636
642
10.22038/ajp.2016.7762
Carvacrol
Guinea pigs
Asthma
Sensitization
Total protein
Phospolipase A2
Mohammad Hossein
Boskabady
boskabadymh@mums.ac.ir
1
Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sedigheh
Jalali
s_jalali_87@yahoo.com
2
Department of Biology, Payam Noor University, 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Negin
Yahyazadeh
sneginym@gmail.com
3
Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mostafa
Boskabady
mt.bosk@gmail.com
4
Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Akalin G, Incesu Z. 2011. The effect of carvacrol on opoptosis of H-RAS transformed cell lines. Turk J Pharm Sci, 8: 105-116.
1
Boskabady MH, Aslani MR, Kiani S. 2006. Relaxant effects of Tymus volgarion guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s). Phytother Res, 20: 28-33.
2
Boskabady MH, Aslani MR, Mansouri F, et al. 2007. Relaxant effect of Satureja hortensis on guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s). Daru, 15: 199-204.
3
Boskabady MH, Jafari Z, Pouraboli I. 2011. The effect of carvacrol on muscarinic receptors of guinea pig tracheal chains. Phytother Res, 25: 530-535.
4
Boskabady MH, Jafari Z, Pouraboli IM, et al. 2012. Anti cholinergic effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss on guinea pig tracheal chains. Natural Product Res, 26: 1523-1528.
5
Boskabady MH, Jandaghi P. 2003. Relaxant effect of carvacrol on guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanisms. Pharmazie, 58: 661-663.
6
Boskabady MH, Kaveh M, Eftekhar N, et al. 2011. Zataria multiflora boiss and carvacrol affect ß2-adrenoceptors of guinea pig trachea. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011: 857124.
7
Boskabady MH, Rakhshandah H, Moetamed shariati V. 1998. Bronchodilatory and anticholinergic effects of Carum copticum on isolated guinea pig tracheal chains. Med J Islam Rrep Iran, 11: 29-34.
8
Boskabady MH, Ramazani M, Tabei T. 2003. Relaxant effects of different fractions of essential oil form Carum copticum on guinea pig tracheal chains. Phytother Res, 17: 1145-1149.
9
Boskabady MH, Tabanfar H, Gholamnezhad Z, et al. 2012. Inhibitory effect of Zataria multiflora boiss and carvacrol on histamine (H1) receptors of guinea pig tracheal chains. Fund Clini Pharmacol, 26: 609-620.
10
Boskabady MH, Ziaei T. 2003. Effect of ascorbic acid on airway responsiveness in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs. Respirology, 8: 473-478.
11
Busse W, Banks-Schlegel SP, Larson GL. 1995. Childhood versus adult-onset asthma. Am J RespirCrit Care Med, 151: 1635-1639.
12
Busse WW, Swenson CA. 1989. The relationship between plasma histamine concentrations and bronchial obstruction to antigen challenge in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clinic Immunol, 84: 658-666.
13
ESCOP. "Thymiherba." Monographs on the medicinal uses of plant drugs. Exeter, U.K.: European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. 1997.
14
Hotta M, Nakata R, Katsukawa M, et al. 2010. Carvacrol, a component of thyme oil, activates PPAR and suppresses COX-2 expression. J Lipid Res, 51: 132-139.
15
Ipek E, Zeytinoglu H, Okay S, Tuylu BA, Kurkcuoglu Baser MKHC. 2005. Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of Origanum oil and carvacrol evaluated by Ames Salmonella/ microsomal test. Food Chem, 93: 551-556.
16
Ipek E, Tuylu BA, Zeytinoglu H. 2003. Effects of carvacrol on sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocyte cultures. Cytotechnol, 43: 149-154.
17
Jafari Z, Boskabady MH, Pouraboli I, et al. 2011. Zataria multiflora Boiss inhibited muscarinic receptors of incubated tracheal smooth muscle with propranolol. Avicenna J Phytomed, 1: 7-13.
18
Kashima N, Nakajima H, Fukaura A, et al. 1993. Study of serum phosholipase A2 activity in bronchial asthmatic patients. Japan J Allergology, 42: 723-727.
19
Kelly CA, Ward C, Stenton SC, et al. 1998. Numbers and activity of cells obtained at bronchoalveolar lavage in asthma, and their relationship to airway responsiveness.Thorax, 43: 684-692.
20
Knowles JR, Roller S, Murray D B, Naidu AS. 2005. Antimicrobial action of carvacrol at different stages of Dual-Species biofilm development by Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Appl Envioron Microbiol, 71: 797-803.
21
Landa P, Kokoska L, Pribylova M, et al. 2009. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol: Inhibitory effect on COX-2 catalyzed prostaglandin E-2 biosynthesis. Arch Pharmacol Res, 32: 75-78.
22
Mehdi SJ, Ahmad A, Irshad M, et al. 2011. Cytotoxic effect of Carvacrol on human cervical cancer cells. Biol Med, 3: 307-312.
23
Nafisi SH, Hajiakhoondi A, Yektadoost A. 2004. Thymol and carvacrol binding to DNA: model for DRUG–DNA interaction. Biopolymers, 74: 345-351.
24
Nostro A, Roccaro AS, Bisignano G, et al. 2007. Effects of oregano, carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. J Med Microbiol, 56: 519-523.
25
Qureshi S, Memon SA, Laghari AJ, et al. 2009. Metabolic total protein investigation in local industry workers exposed to acid anhydrids. Sindh Univ Res J, 41: 63-66.
26
Vadas P, Pruzanski W. 1986. Role of secretory Phospholipase A2 in the pathology of disease. Lab Invest, 55: 391-404.
27
Vosooghi S, Mahmoudabady M, Neamati A, et al. 2013. The preventive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron on hematologicalparameters of experimental asthmatic rats. Avicenna J Phytomed, 3: 279-87.
28
Zeytinoglu Z, Baser KHC. 2003. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by carvacrol in mouse myoblast cells bearing a human N-RAS oncogene. Phytomed, 10: 292-299.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effects of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells viability, growth and differentiation: a cheminformatics and in vitro study
Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the cheminformatics and qualitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. The effects of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on the viability, doubling time and adipogenic or osteogenic differentiations of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) were also investigated. Materials and Methods: QSAR and toxicity indices of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol were evaluated using cheminformatics tools including Toxtree and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T) and molinspiration server. Besides, their effects on the hASCs viability, doubling time and differentiation to adipogenic or osteogenic lineages were evaluated. Results: Cinnamaldehyde is predicted to be more lipophilic and less toxic than eugenol. Both phytochemicals may be developmental toxicants. They probably undergo hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions by cytochrome-P450. The 2.5 µM/ml cinnamaldehyde and 0.1 µg/ml eugenol did not influence hASCs viability following 72 hr of treatment. But higher concentrations of these phytochemicals insignificantly increased hASCs doubling time till 96 hr, except 1 µg/ml eugenol for which the increase was significant. Only low concentrations of both phytochemicals were tested for their effects on the hASCs differentiation. The 2.5 µM/ml cinnamaldehyde and 0.1 µg/ml eugenol enhanced the osteogenesis and decreased the adipogenesis of hASCs meaningfully. Conclusion: According to the cheminformatics analysis and in vitro study, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol are biocompatible and low toxic for hASCs. Both phytochemicals may be suitable for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering when used at low concentrations, but maybe useful for neoplastic growth inhibition when used at high concentrations.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_6785_24c9a635f2367ed15c596d23d2d562d2.pdf
2016-11-01
643
657
10.22038/ajp.2016.6785
Stem cell
Cell viability
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
Cinnamaldehyde
Eugenol
Abdorrahim
Absalan
abdorrahim.absalan@modares.ac.ir
1
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Alireza
Mesbah-Namin
mesbahna@modares.ac.ir
2
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Taki
Tiraihi
takialtr@modares.ac.ir
3
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Taher
Taheri
tahertaheri@irimc.org
4
Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Aggarwal S, Ichikawa H, Takada Y, Sandur SK, Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB. 2006. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) down-regulates expression of cell proliferation and antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products through suppression of IκBα kinase and Akt activation. Mol Pharmacol, 69: 195-206.
1
Alarcón de la Lastra C, Villegas I. 2005. Resveratrol as an anti‐inflammatory and anti‐aging agent: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Mol Nutr Food Res, 49: 405-430.
2
Auddy B, Ferreira M, Blasina F, Lafon L, Arredondo F, Dajas F, Tripathi PC, Seal T, Mukherjee B. 2003. Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. J Ethnopharmacol, 84: 131-138.
3
Bunnell BA, Estes BT, Guilak F, Gimble JM, 2008. Differentiation of adipose stem cells, Adipose Tissue Protocols. Springer, pp. 155-171.
4
Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H. 2004. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci, 74: 2157-2184.
5
Chen R, Chen J, Cheng S, Qin J, Li W, Zhang L, Jiao H, Yu X, Zhang X, Lahn BT, Xiang AP. 2010. Assessment of embryotoxicity of compounds in cosmetics by the embryonic stem cell test. Toxicol Mech Methods, 20: 112-118.
6
de Villiers JA, Houreld N, Abrahamse H. 2009. Adipose derived stem cells and smooth muscle cells: implications for regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev, 5: 256-265.
7
Gimble JM, Katz AJ, Bunnell BA. 2007. Adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine. Circ Res, 100: 1249-1260.
8
Gimble JM, Nuttall ME. 2011. Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASC) in regenerative medicine: pharmaceutical applications. Curr Pharm Des, 17: 332-339.
9
Ho YS, So KF, Chang RCC. 2010. Anti-aging herbal medicine—How and why can they be used in aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases? Ageing Res Rev, 9: 354-362.
10
Irwin JJ, Shoichet BK. 2005. ZINC-a free database of commercially available compounds for virtual screening. J Chem Inf Model, 45: 177-182.
11
Izadpanah R, Trygg C, Patel B, Kriedt C, Dufour J, Gimble JM, Bunnell BA. 2006. Biologic properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue. J Cell Biochem, 99: 1285-1297.
12
Jaganathan SK, Mazumdar A, Mondhe D, Mandal M. 2011. Apoptotic effect of eugenol in human colon cancer cell lines. Cell Biol Int, 35: 607-615.
13
Ka H, Park HJ, Jung HJ, Choi JW, Cho KS, Ha J, Lee KT. 2003. Cinnamaldehyde induces apoptosis by ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Cancer Lett, 196: 143-152.
14
King AA, Shaughnessy DT, Mure K, Leszczynska J, Ward WO, Umbach DM, Xu Z, Ducharme D, Taylor JA, Demarini DM, Klein CB. 2007. Antimutagenicity of cinnamaldehyde and vanillin in human cells: Global gene expression and possible role of DNA damage and repair. Mutat Res, 616: 60-69.
15
Kuzuhara T, Suganuma M, Fujiki H. 2008. Green tea catechin as a chemical chaperone in cancer prevention. Cancer Lett, 261: 12-20.
16
Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ. 2012. Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv Drug Delivery Rev, 64: 4-17.
17
Promega, 2012. CellTiter 96® AQueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay, in: Bulletin, T. (Ed.).
18
Thompson D, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Egestad B, Mickos H, Moldéus P. 1990. Formation of glutathione conjugates during oxidation of eugenol by microsomal fractions of rat liver and lung. Biochem Pharmacol, 39: 1587-1595.
19
Thompson DC, Thompson JA, Sugumaran M, Moldéus P. 1993. Biological and toxicological consequences of quinone methide formation. Chem -Biol Interact, 86: 129-162.
20
Veber DF, Johnson SR, Cheng H-Y, Smith BR, Ward KW, Kopple KD. 2002. Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates. J Med Chem, 45: 2615-2623.
21
Wong C-C, Li H-B, Cheng K-W, Chen F. 2006. A systematic survey of antioxidant activity of 30 Chinese medicinal plants using the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Food Chem, 97: 705-711.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effects of crocin, insulin and their co-administration on the heart function and pathology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Objective: Crocinisa saffron constituent with a potent anti-oxidant activity. The present study investigated the effects of crocin and insulin treatments (alone or in combination) on cardiac function and pathology in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg). Thereafter, crocin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of insulin (4 IU/kg) and their combination were administeredfor eight weeks. Blood glucose level andwhole heart and body weights were measured. Electrocardiography (ECG) was carried out using the lead II. Serum concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), and the heart tissue malodialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents were determined. The heart lesions were evaluated by light microscopy. Results: STZ decreased body weight and increased whole heart weight/body weight ratio. It also decreased heart rate, and increased RR and QT intervals and T wave amplitude. STZ increased blood glucose, serum LDH andCK-MB levels, augmentedheart tissue MDA content, decreased SOD content of heart tissue, and produced hemorrhages, degeneration, interstitial edema, and fibroblastic proliferation in the heart tissue. Crocin (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), insulin (4 IU/kg, s.c.) and their combination (5 mg/kg of crocin with 4 IU/kg of insulin) treatments recovered the ECG, biochemical and histopathological changes induced by STZ. Conclusion: The results showed cardioprotective effects of crocin and insulin in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties of crocin and insulin may be involved in their cardioprotective actions.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_6775_9e8e8d48624e92247dc4a2ccd07ebb78.pdf
2016-11-01
658
670
10.22038/ajp.2016.6775
Crocin
Insulin
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Rats
Amir
Farshid
aa.farshid@urmia.ac.ir
1
Division of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Esmaeal
Tamaddonfard
e_tamaddonfard@yahoo.com
2
Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Masoumeh
Moradi-Arzloo
moradimasoumeh1985@gmail.com
3
Division of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Navideh
Mirzakhani
navideh.mirzakhani@gmail.com
4
Division of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Adegate E, Kalasz H, Veress G, Teke K. 2010. Medicinal chemistry of drugs used in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Curr Med Chem, 17: 517-551.
1
Akhtar MS, Pillai KK, Hassan Q, Ansari SH, Ali J, Akhtar M. 2016.Levosimendan suppresses oxidative injury, apoptotic signaling and mitochondrial degeneration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy. Clin Exp Hypertens, 38: 10-22.
2
Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Rasheed NM, Attia HA, Hasan IH, Al-Amin M, Al-Ajmin H, Mohamad RA. 2013. Adverse cardiac responses to alpha-lipoic acid in a rat-diabetic model: possible mechanisms? J Physiol Biochem, 69: 671-678.
3
Altinoz E, Oner Z, Elbe H, Ciqremis Y, Turkoz Y. 2015. Protective effects of saffron (its active constituent, crocin) on nephropathy in stereptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Human ExpToxicol, 34: 127-134.
4
Asri-Rezaei S, Tamaddonfard E, Ghasemsoltani-Momtaz B, Erfanparast A, Gholamalipour S. 2015. Effects of crocin and zinc chloride on blood levels of zinc and metabolic and oxidative parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Avicenna J Phythomed, 5: 403-412.
5
Boussabbeh M, Ben Salem I, Neffati F, Najjar MF, Bacha H, Abid-Essefi S. 2015. Crocin prevents patulin-induced acute toxicity in cardiac tissues via the regulation of oxidative damage and apoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol, 10.1002/gbt.21718.
6
Delides A, Spooner RJ, Goldberg DM, Neal FE. 1976. An optimized semi-automatic rate method for serum glutathione reductase activity and its application to patients with malignant disease. J Clin Pathol, 29: 73-77.
7
Dianat M, Esmaeilizadeh M, Badavi M, Samarbafzadeh AR, Naghizadeh B. 2014a. Protective effects of crocin on ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative stress in comparison with vitamin E in isolated rat hearts. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod, 9: e17187.
8
Dianat M, Esmaeilizadeh M, Badavi M, Samarbafzadeh AR, Naghizadeh B. 2014b. Protective effects of crocin on hemodynamic parameters and infarct size in comparison with vitamin E after ischemia reperfusion in isolated rat hearts. Planta Med, 80: 393-398.
9
Erken HA, Genc O, Erken G, Ayada C, Gundagdu G, Dogan H. 2015. Ozone partially prevents diabetic neuropathy in rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 123: 101-105.
10
Esmaeilizadeh M, Dianat M, Badavi M, Samarbafzadeh A, Naghizadeh B. 2015. Effect of crocin on nitric oxide synthase expression in post-ischemic isolated rat heart. Avicenna J Phytomed, 5: 420-426.
11
Farshid AA, Tamaddonfard E. 2015. Histopathological and behavioral evaluations of the effects of crocin, safranal and insulin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats. Avicenna J Phytomed, 5: 469-478.
12
Farshid AA, Tamaddonfard E, Simaee N, Mansouri S, Najafi S, Asri-Rezaee S, Alavi H. 2014. Effects of histidine and N-acetylcysteine on doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol, 14: 153-161.
13
Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ. 2014. Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine (Abingdon), 42: 698-702.
14
Futterman LG, Lemberg L. 1997. SGOT, LDH, HBD, CPK, CK-MB, MB1MB2, cTnT, cTnC, cTnT. Am J Crit Care, 6: 333-338.
15
Gao Y, Kang L, Li C, Wang X, Sun C, Li Q, Liu R, Wang J. 2016. Resveratrol ameliorates diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction through AT1R-EEK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Cardiovasc Toxicol, 16: 130-137.
16
Gonda S, Parizsa P, Suranyi G, Cyemant G, &Vasas G. 2012. Quantification of main bioactive metabolites from saffron (Crocus sativus) stigmas by a micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) method. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 66: 68-74.
17
Goyal SN, Arora S, Sharma AK, Joshi S, Ray R, Bhatia J, Kumari S, Arya DS. 2010. Protective effect of crocin of Crocus sativus on hemodynamics, biochemical, histological and ultrastrutural alternations in isopeoteronol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Phytomedicine, 17: 227-232.
18
Howarth FC, Jacobson M, Shafiullah M, Adeghate E. 2005. Long-term effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the electrocardiogram, physical activity and body temperature in rats. Exp Physiol, 90: 827-835.
19
Howarth FC, Adeghate E, Jacobson M. 2009a. Heart rate and QT interval in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Med Sci, 2: 108-118.
20
Howarth FC, Jacobson M, Qureshi MA, Shafiullah M, Hameed RS, Zilahi E, Al Haj A, Nowotny N, Adeghate E. 2009b. Altered gene expression may underlie prolonged duration of the QT interval and ventricular action potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat heart. Mol Cell Biochem, 328: 57-65.
21
Jankyova S, Kmecova J, Cernecka H, Mesarosova L, Musil P, Brnoliakova Z, Kyselovic J, Babal P, Klimas J. 2012. Glucose and blood pressure lowering effects of Pyenogenol are inefficient to prevent prolongation of QT interval in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. Pathol Res Pract, 208: 452-457.
22
Ji L, Fu F, Zhang L, Liu W, Cai X, Zhang L, Zheng Q, zhang H, Gao F. 2010. Insulin attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via reducing oxidative/nitrative stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol and Metab, 298: 668-674.
23
Kavak S, Ayaz L, Emre M. 2012. Effects of rosiglitazone with insulin combination therapy on oxidative stress and lipid profile in left ventricular muscles of diabetic rats. Exp Diabetes Res, 2012: 905683.
24
Khullar M, Al-Shudiefat AA, Ludke A, Binepal G, Singal PK. 2010. Oxidative stress: a key contributor to diabetic cardiomyopathy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 88: 233-240.
25
Kim BO, Verma S, Weisel RD, Fazel S, Jia ZQ, Mizuno T, Li PK. 2008. Preservation of heart function in diabetic rats by combined effects of muscle cell implantation and insulin therapy. Eur J Heart Fail, 10: 14-21.
26
Kmecova J, Klimas J. 2010. Heart rate correction of the QT duration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol, 641: 187-192.
27
Kuo WW, Chung LC, Liu CT, Wu SP, Kuo CH, Tsai FJ, Lu MC, Huang CY, Lee SD. 2009. Effects of insulin replacement on cardiac apoptotic and survival pathways in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cell Biochem Funct, 27: 479-487.
28
Letonja M, Petrovic DP. 2014. Is diabetic cardiomyopathy a specific entity? World J Cardiol, 26: 8-13.
29
Lengyel C, Virag L, Biro T, Jost N, Magyar J, Biliczki P, Kocsis E, Skoumal R, Nanasi PP, Toth M, Kecskemeti V, Papp JG, Varro A. 2007. Diabetes mellitus attenuates the repolarization reserve in mammalian heart. Cardiovasc Res, 73: 512-520.
30
Lin YC, Huang J, Kan H, Castranova V, Frisbee JC, Yu HG. 2012. Defective calcium inactivation causes long QT in obsess insulin-resistant rat. Am J Physiol Heart CircPhysiol, 302: H1013-H1022.
31
Liu H, Chen YF, Li F, Zhang HY. 2013. Fructus Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) phytochemistry, pharmacology of cardiovascular and safety with the perspective of new drugs development. J Asian Nat Prod Res, 15: 94-110.
32
Liu Q, Wang S, Cai L. 2014. Diabetic cardiomyopathy and its mechanisms: role of oxidative stress and damage. J Diabetes Invest, 5: 623-634.
33
Lowry OH, Rossenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall KJ. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem, 193: 265-275.
34
Ng CS, Lee JV, Toh MP, Ko Y. 2014. Cost-of-illness studies of diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 105: 151-163.
35
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. 1979 Assay of lipid peroxidase in normal tissue by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem, 95: 351-358.
36
Postema PG, Wilde AA. 2014. The measurement of the QT interval. Curr Cardiol Rev, 10: 287-294.
37
Rahaiee S, Moini S, Hashemi M, Shojaosadati SA. 2015. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds and various extracts obtained from saffron (Crocus sativus L.): a review. J Food Sci Technol, 52: 1881-1888.
38
Rajaei Z, Hadjizadeh MA, Namati H, Hosseini M, Ahmadi M, Shafiee S. 2013. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of crocininstreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Med Food, 16: 206-210.
39
Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H, Movassaghi AR, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K. 2013. Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subchronic exposure. Chem Biol Interact, 203: 547-555.
40
Semaming Y, Kumfu S, Pannangpetch P, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. 2014. Protocatechuic acid exerts a cardioprotective effect in type 1 diabetic rats. J Endocrinol, 233: 13-23.
41
Shawm JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. 2010. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 87: 4-14.
42
Shirali S, Zahra Bathaie S, Nakhjavani M. 2013. Effect of crocin on the insulin resistance and lipid profile of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Phytother Res, 27: 1042-1047. 13
43
Simova I, Christov I, Bortolan G. 2015. A review on electrocardiographic changes in diabetic patients.Curr Diabetes Rev, 11: 102-106.
44
Stadler K. 2012. Oxidative stress in diabetes.Adv Exp Med Biol, 771: 272-287.
45
Szkudelski T. 2001. The mechanisms of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas.Physiol Res, 50: 536-546.
46
Tamaddonfard E, Farshid AA, Asri-Rezaee S, Javadi S, Khosravi V, Rahman B, Mirfakhraee Z. 2013. Crocin improved learning and memory impairments in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 16: 91-100.
47
VanHoose L, Sawers Y, Loganathan R, Vacek JL, Stehno-Bittel L, Norikova L, Al-Jarrah M, Smirnova IV. 2010. Electrocardiographic changes with the onset of diabetes and the impact of aerobic exercise training in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 9: 56.
48
Wang G, Li W, Lu X, Bao P, Zhao X. 2012. Luteolin ameliorates cardiac failure in type 1 diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Diabetes Complications, 26: 259-265.
49
Wang GG, Li W, Lu XH, Zhao X, Xu L. 2013. Taurine attenuates oxidative stress and alleviates cardiac failure in type 1 diabetic rats. Croat Med J, 54: 171-179.
50
Wang K, Zhang L, Rao W, Su N, Hui H, Wang L, Peng G, Tu Y, Zhang S, Fei Z. 2015. Neuroprotective effects of crocin against traumatic brain injury in mice: involvement of notch signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett, 591: 53-58.
51
Warne JP, Horneman HF, Wick EC, Bhargava A, Pecoraro NC, Ginsberg AB, Akana SE, Dallman MF. 2005. Comparison of superior mesenteric versus jugular venous infusions of insulin in streptozotocin-diabetic rats on the choice of caloric intake, body weight and fat stores. Endocrinology, 147: 5443-5451.
52
Wayhs CA, Tortato C, Mescka CP, Pasquali MA, Schnorr CE, Nin MS, Barros HM, Moreira JC, Vargas CR. 2013. The association effect of insulin and clonazepam on oxidative stress in liver of an experimental animal model of diabetes and depression. Pharm Biol, 51: 533-538.
53
Wu Z, Chen Q, Ke D, Li G, Deng W. 2014. Emodin protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by regulating the AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway in the rat model. Molecules, 19: 14782-14793.
54
Zobali F, Avci A, Canbolat O, Karasu C. 2002. Effects of vitamin A and insulin on the antioxidant state of diabetic rat heart: a comparison study with combination treatment. Cell Biochem Funct, 20: 75-80.
55
Zhang Z, Wang CZ, Wen XD, Shoyama Y, Yuan CS. 2013.Role of saffron and its constituents on cancer chemoprevention. Pharm Biol, 51: 920-924.
56
Zheng H, Pu SY, Fan XF, Li XS, Zhang Y, Yuan J, Zhang YF, Yang JL. 2015. Treatment with angiotensin-(1-9) alleviates the cardiomyopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biochem Pharmacol, 95: 38-45.
57
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Biebersteinia multifida hydro-ethanol extract on proliferation and apoptosis of human prostate cancer and human embryonic kidney cells
Objective: Biebersteinia (Geraniaceae) has a history of use in traditional medicine in some countries including Iran. In the present study, cytotoxic and apoptogenic properties of hydro-ethanol extract of B. multifidi was investigated on human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and DU 145) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Materials and Methods: Cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS at 37ºC in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. The root of the plant was macerated with EtOH 70%. Cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract of B. multifida was assessed using alamarBlue® assay after 48 hr of treatment. Apoptotic cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and detected by flow cytometry (sub-G1 peak). Results: B. multifidi had cytotoxic effect on malignant cells and normal HEK293 cells in a dose-dependent manner and significantly decreased the cell viability (IC50 values were between 199.2 and 302.9 µg/ml). B. multifida increased the sub-G1 peak in flow cytometry histogram of treated PC3 cells compared to control showing the induction of apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. Conclusion: Due to cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of B. multifida, the plant is suggested for further phytochemical analysis and mechanistic evaluation.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_6793_0d35b9c7b7af1943a1d1e65d2eae4ed8.pdf
2016-11-01
671
677
10.22038/ajp.2016.6793
Biebersteinia multifida
Cytotoxicity
Apoptosis
Geraniaceae
Alireza
Golshan
golshanalirezag@gmail.com
1
Medicinal Plants & Natural Products Research Center (MPNPRC), North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
AUTHOR
Samira
Hassanzadeh
2
Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Mojdekanloo
3
North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Tayarani Najjaran
tayaraninz@mums.ac.ir
4
Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmadzadeh Sani T, Golmakani E, Mohammadi A, Feyzi P, Kamali H. 2014. Optimization of pressurized hot water extraction on the extract yield and antioxidant activity from Biebersteinia multifida DC using a modified supercritical fluid extractor. J Supercrit Fluids, 94: 130-137.
1
Akhlaghi H, Shafaghat A, Mohammadhosseini M. 2009. Chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves of Biebersteinia multifida DC. growing wild in Iran. J Essent Oil Bear Pl, 12: 365-368.
2
Arifkhodzhaev AO, Arifkhodzhaev KA, Kondratenko ES. 1985. Polysaccharides of saponin-bearing plants. II. Isolation and characterization of the polysaccharides of Biebersteinia multifidi. Chem Nat Compd, 21: 714-716.
3
Arifkhodzhaev AO, Rakhimov DA. 1993. Polysaccharides of saponin-bearing plants. IV. Structure of glucans A, B, and C of Biebersteinia multifidi. Chem Nat Compd, 29: 151-153.
4
Arifkhodzhaev AO, Rakhimov DA. 1994. Polysaccharides of saponin-bearing plants. V. Structural investigation of glucans A, B, and C and their oligosaccharides from Biebersteinia multifida plants. Chem Nat Compd, 30: 655-660.
5
Boozari M, Mohammadi A, Asili A, Emami SA, and Tayarani-Najaran, Z, 2015.Growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by Scutellaria pinnatifida A. Ham.on HL-60 and K562 leukemic cell lines. Inviron Toxicol Pharmacol, 39:307-312.
6
Efferth T, Herrmann F, Tahrani A, Wink M. 2011. Cytotoxic activity of secondary metabolites derived from Artemisia annua L. towards cancer cells in comparison to its designated active constituent artemisinin. Phytomedicine, 15;18: 959-69.
7
Ericsson T, Blank A, von Hagens C, Ashton M, Äbelö A. 2014. Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin during long-term oral administration of artesunate to patients with metastatic breast cancer. Eur J ClinPharmacol, 70:1453-63.
8
Farsam H, Amanlou M, Dehpour AR and Jahaniani F. 2000.Antiinflammatory and analgesic activity of Biebersteinia multifida DC. root extract. J Ethnopharmacol, 17: 443-447.
9
Fulda S. 2010.Modulation of apoptosis by natural products for cancer therapy. Planta Med,76: 1075-1079.
10
Greenham J, Vassiliades DD, Harborne JB, Williams CA, Eagles J, Grayer RJ, Veitch NC. 2001. A distinctive flavonoid chemistry for the anomalous genus Biebersteinia. Phytochemistry, 56:87-91.
11
Hashem Dabaghian F, Entezari M, Ghobadi A, Hashemi M. 2014. Antimutagenicity and Anticancer Effects of Biebersteinia multifida DC. Annu Res Rev Biol, 4(6): 906-913.
12
Janighorban M. 2009. Geraniaceae, In: Flora of Iran. (Assadi M ed.) Tehran, Research Institute of Forests and Ragelands, No. 62. P 120-124.
13
Jansen FH, Adoubi I, J C KC, DE Cnodder T, Jansen N, Tschulakow A, Efferth T. 2011. First study of oral Artenimol-R in advanced cervical cancer: clinical benefit, tolerability and tumor markers. Anticancer Res, 31:4417-22.
14
Javidnia K, Miri R, Soltani M, Khosravi AR. 2010. Essential oil composition of Biebersteinia multifida DC. (Biebersteiniaceae) from Iran. J Essent Oil Res, 22: 611-612.
15
Kamali H, Golmakani E, Golshan A, Mohammadi A, Sani TA. 2014. Optimization of ethanol modified supercritical carbon dioxide on the extract yield and antioxidant activity from Biebersteinia multifida DC. J Supercrit Fluid, 91: 46-52.
16
Khakpour S, Akhlaghdoust M, Naimi S, Mirlohi MJ, Abedian M, Seyed-Forootan NS, Foroughi F. 2013. Effect of Biebersteinia multifida DC. Root Extract on Cholesterol in Mice. Zahedan J Res Med Sci, 15: 49-51.
17
Kurbanov D, Zharekeev KB. 1974. Study of alkaloids of Biebersteinia multifida and Peganumharmala from Karakalpakia (Russian). Chem Nat Compd, 10: 715-716.
18
Monsef-Esfahani HR, Amini M, Goodarzi N, Saiedmohammadi F, Hajiaghaee R, Faramarzi MA, Tofighi Z, Ghahremani MH. 2013. Coumarin compounds of Biebersteinia multifida roots show potential anxiolytic effects in mice. Daru, 21: 51.
19
Motaez M, Emami SA, Tayarani-Najjaran Z. 2015. Growth inhibition and apoptosis induction of Scutellaria luteo-coerulea Bornm. & Sint.on leukemia cancer cell lines K562 and HL-60. Avicenna J Phytomed, 5:553-559.
20
Mousavi SH, Davari AS, Iranshahi M, Sabouri-Rad S, Tayarani-Najaran Z. 2015. Comparative analysis of the cytotoxic effect of 7-prenyloxycoumarin compounds and herniarin on MCF-7 cell line. Avicenna J Phytomed, 5: 520-530.
21
Muellner AN. 2011. "Biebersteiniaceae" in Klaus Kubitzki (Volume Editor) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Vol. X: Flowering Plants Eudicots. Springer Verlag Berlin.p. 72. ISBN 978-3-642-14396-0.
22
Nicoletti I, Migliorati G, Pagliacci MC, Grignani F. Riccardi C. 1991. A rapid and simple method for measuring thymocyte apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods, 139: 271-279.
23
O'Brien J, Wilson I, Orton T, Pognan F. 2000. Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity. Eur J Biochem, 267: 5421-5426.
24
Omurkamzinova VB, Maurel ND, Bikbulatova TN. 1991. Flavonoids of Biebersteinia multifida. Chem Nat Compd, 27:636-637.
25
Safarzadeh E, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Baradaran B. 2014. Herbal medicine as inducers of apoptosis in cancer treatment. Adv Pharm Bull, 4:421-7.
26
Sahranavard S, Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M, Esmaeili S, Sarkhail P, Taghvaei M, Ghafari S. 2009. Cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants from Iran and phytochemical evaluation of the most potent extract. Res Pharm Sci, 4:133-137.
27
Tayarani-Najaran Z, Amiri A, Karimi G, Emami SA, Asili J, Mousavi SH. 2014. Comparative studies of cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of different extracts and the essential oil of lavandula angustifolia on malignant and normal cells. Nutr Cancer, 66: 424-434.
28
Taylor P, Colman L, Bajoon J. 2014. The search for plants with anticancer activity: pitfalls at the early stages. J Ethnopharmacol, 2; 158 Pt A:246-54.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Origanum vulgare leaf extract protects mice bone marrow cells against ionizing radiation
Objective: Ionizing radiation produces free radicals which induce DNA damage and cell death. Origanum vulgare leaf extract (OVLE) is a natural compound and its capability of scavenging free radicals and its antioxidant activity have been demonstrated by many researchers. In this study, using micronucleus assay, radioprotective effect of OVLE against clastogenic and cytotoxic effect of gamma irradiation has been investigated in mice bone marrow cells. Materials and Methods: OVLE was injected intraperitoneally to the BALB/c mice 1hr prior to gamma irradiation (3Gy) at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. Twenty four hours after irradiation or treatment, animals were killed and smears were prepared from the bone marrow cells. The slides were stained with May Grunwald–Giemsa method and analyzed microscopically. The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCEs), micronucleated normochromatic erythrocyte (MnNCEs) and cell proliferation ratio PCE/PCE+NCE (polychromatic erythrocyte/polychromatic erythrocyte + normochromatic erythrocyte) were calculated. Results: The results showed that gamma irradiation (3Gy) increased the frequency of MnPCEs, MnNCEs and reduced the PCE/PCE+NCE ratio in mice bone marrow compared to the non-irradiated control group (p< 0.0001). Injection of OVLE significantly reduced the frequency of MnPCEs (p< 0.0001) and MnNCEs (p< 0.05) and increased the PCE/PCE+NCE ratio as compared to the irradiated control group (p< 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that OVLE with its antioxidant properties and its capability of scavenging free radicals and reactive oxygen species can reduce the cytotoxic effects of gamma irradiation in mice bone marrow cells.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_6896_9e46888afb31b1f232a12d64a2d20e87.pdf
2016-11-01
678
685
10.22038/ajp.2016.6896
Radioprotective Agents
Micronucleus
Bone marrow cells
Whole-body Irradiation
Origanum vulgare
Reza
Ghasemnezhad Targhi
ghasemnezhad.r@gmail.com
1
Department of Radiology, School of Allied, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahid
Changizi
changizi@sina.tums.ac.ir
2
Department of Radiology, School of Allied, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Farhang
Haddad
haddad@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mansour
Homayoun
mansour.homayoun@yahoo.com
4
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Shokohozaman
Soleymanifard
soleymanifardsh@mums.ac.ir
5
Department of Medical Physic, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Arami S, Ahmadi A, Haeri SA. 2013. The radioprotective effects of Origanum vulgare extract against genotoxicity induced by 131I in human blood lymphocyte. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm, 28: 201-206.
1
Archana P, Rao BN, Ballal M, Rao BS. 2009. Thymol, a naturally occurring monocyclic dietary phenolic compound protects Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts from radiation-induced cytotoxicity. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen, 680: 70-77.
2
Brown DQ, Pittock JW, Rubinstein JS. 1982. Early results of the screening program for radioprotectors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 8: 565-570.
3
Burt SA, van der Zee R, Koets AP, de Graaff AM, van Knapen F, Gaastra W, et al. 2007. Carvacrol induces heat shock protein 60 and inhibits synthesis of flagellin in Escherichia coli O157: H7. J Appl Environ Microbiol,73: 4484-4490.
4
Cassatt DR, Fazenbaker CA, Bachy CM, Hanson MS. 2002. Preclinical modeling of improved amifostine (Ethyol) use in radiation therapy. Semin Radiat Oncol,12 (1 Suppl 1):97-102.
5
Ceker S, Agar G, Nardemir G, Anar M, Kizil HE, Alpsoy L. 2012. Investigation of anti-oxidative and anti-genotoxic effects of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil on human lymphocytes in vitro. J Essent Oil Bear Pl,15: 997-1005.
6
Chen JH, Ho C-T. 1997. Antioxidant activities of caffeic acid and its related hydroxycinnamic acid compounds. J Agr Food Chem,45: 2374-2378.
7
De Martino L, De Feo V, Formisano C, Mignola E, Senatore F. 2009. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from three chemotypes of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart growing wild in Campania (Southern Italy). Molecules,14: 2735-2746.
8
Faleiro L, Miguel G, Gomes S, Costa L, Venâncio F, Teixeira A. 2005. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils isolated from Thymbra capitata L.(Cav.) and Origanum vulgare L. J Agr Food Chem,53: 8162-8168.
9
Held KD, Biaglow JE. 1994. Mechanisms for the oxygen radical-mediated toxicity of various thiol-containing compounds in cultured mammalian cells. J Radiat Res,139: 15-23.
10
Hosseinimehr S, Nemati A. 2014. Radioprotective effects of hesperidin against gamma irradiation in mouse bone marrow cells. Brit J Radiol, 79: 415–418.
11
Hosseinimehr S. J. 2007. Trends in the development of radioprotective agents. Drug Discov Today,12: 794-805.
12
Hosseinimehr SJ, Azadbakht M, Mousavi SM, Mahmoudzadeh A, Akhlaghpoor S. 2007. Radioprotective effects of hawthorn fruit extract against gamma irradiation in mouse bone marrow cells. J Radiat Res,48: 63-68.
13
Hosseinimehr SJ, Tavakoli H, Pourheidari G, Sobhani A, Shafiee A. 2003. Radioprotective Effects of Citrus Extract Against γ;-Irradiation in Mouse Bone Marrow Cells. J Radiat Res,44: 237-241.
14
Ipek E, Zeytinoglu H, Okay S, Tuylu BA, Kurkcuoglu M, Baser KHC. 2005. Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of Origanum oil and carvacrol evaluated by Ames Salmonella/microsomal test. Food Chem,93: 551-556.
15
Jagetia G, Baliga MS, Malagi K, Kamath MS. 2002. The evaluation of the radioprotective effect of Triphala (an ayurvedic rejuvenating drug) in the mice exposed to γ-radiation. Phytomedicine,9: 99-108.
16
Jagetia G, Venkatesh P, Baliga M. 2004. "Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of bael leaf (Aegle marmelos) extract in mice. Int J Radiat Biol ,80: 281-290.
17
Jagetia GC, Venkatesha V, Reddy TK. Naringin. 2003. Naringin, a citrus flavonone, protects against radiation-induced chromosome damage in mouse bone marrow. Mutagenesis,18: 337-343.
18
Kapiszewska M, Soltys E, Visioli F, Cierniak A, Zajac G. 2005. The protective ability of the Mediterranean plant extracts against the oxidative DNA damage. The role of the radical oxygen species and the polyphenol content. J Physio Pharmacol. Supplement,56: 183-197.
19
Karakaya S, El SN, Karagözlü N, Şahin S. 2011. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained from oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) by using different extraction methods. J Med Food,14: 645-652.
20
Karbownik M, Reiter RJ. 2000. Antioxidative effects of melatonin in protection against cellular damage caused by ionizing radiation. P Soc Exp Biol Med,225: 9-22.
21
Khan A, Manna K, Das DK, Sinha M, Kesh SB, Das U, et al. 2014. Seabuckthron (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf extract ameliorates the gamma radiation mediated DNA damage and hepatic alterations. Indian J Exp Biol, 52: 952-964.
22
Kulisic T, Radonic A, Katalinic V, Milos M. 2004. Use of different methods for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil. Food Chem,85: 633-640.
23
Lagouri V, Boskou D. 1996. Nutrient antioxidants in oregano. Int J Food Sci Nutr,47: 493-497.
24
Lambert R, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ, Nychas GJ. 2001. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J Appl Microbiol,91: 453-462.
25
Landauer MR, Srinivasan V, Seed TM. 2003. Genistein treatment protects mice from ionizing radiation injury. J App Toxicol, 23: 379-385.
26
Larson RA. 1988. The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry, 27: 969-978.
27
Lee S, Buber M, Yang Q, Cerne R, Cortes R, Sprous D, et al. 2008. Thymol and related alkyl phenols activate the hTRPA1 channel. Brit J Pharmacol,153: 1739-1749.
28
Lee T-K, Johnke RM, Allison RR, O'Brien KF, Dobbs LJ. 2005. Radioprotective potential of ginseng. Mutagenesis,20: 237-243.
29
Mezzoug N, Elhadri A, Dallouh A, Amkiss S, Skali N, Abrini J, et al. 2007. Investigation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of Origanum compactum essential oil and some of its constituents. Mutat Res-Gen Toxen,629: 100-110.
30
Nakatani N. 1992. Natural antioxidants from spices. ACS symposium series (USA).
31
Niture SK, Rao US, Srivenugopal KS. 2006. Chemopreventative strategies targeting the MGMT repair protein: augmented expression in human lymphocytes and tumor cells by ethanolic and aqueous extracts of several Indian medicinal plants. Int J Oncol,29: 1269-1278.
32
Özbek T, Guelluece M, Şahin F, Oezkan H, Sevsay S, Bariş Ö. 2008. Investigation of the antimutagenic potentials of the methanol extract of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Turk J Biol,32: 271-276.
33
Roofchaee A, Irani M, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Akbari MR. 2013. Effect of dietary oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil on growth performance, cecal microflora and serum antioxidant activity of broiler chickens. Afr J Biotechnol,10: 6177-6183.
34
Padulosi S. 1997. Oregano, Proceeding of the IPGRI International Workshop on Oregano. Rome, Italy: pp: 84 - 86.
35
Samarth R, Goyal P, Kumar A. 2004. Protection of swiss albino mice against whole‐body gamma irradiation by Mentha piperita (Linn.). Phytother Res,18: 546-550.
36
Schmid W. 1975. The micronucleus test. Mutat Res-Envir Muta, 31: 9-15.
37
Sharma P, Parmar J, Sharma P, Verma P, Goyal P. 2011. Radiation-induced testicular injury and its amelioration by Tinospora cordifolia (An Indian medicinal plant) extract. Evid-Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011:643847. doi: 10.1155/2011/643847.
38
Sivropoulou A, Papanikolaou E, Nikolaou C, Kokkini S, Lanaras T, Arsenakis M. 1996. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Origanum essential oils. J Agr Food Chem,44: 1202-1205.
39
Teissedre P, Waterhouse A. 2000. Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins by phenolic substances in different essential oils varieties. J Agr Food Chem,48: 3801-3805.
40
Vicuña GC, Stashenko EE, Fuentes JL. 2010. Chemical composition of the Lippia origanoides essential oils and their antigenotoxicity against bleomycin-induced DNA damage. Fitoterapia, 81: 343-349.
41
Whitnall MH, Elliott TB, Harding RA, Inal CE, Landauer MR, Wilhelmsen CL, et al. 2000. Androstenediol stimulates myelopoiesis and enhances resistance to infection in gamma-irradiated mice. Int J Immunopharmaco,22: 1-14.
42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Urtica dioica supplementation on blood lipids, hepatic enzymes and nitric oxide levels in type 2 diabetic patients: A double blind, randomized clinical trial
Objective: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of diabetic complications including metabolic abnormality-induced diabetic micro-vascular and macro-vascular complications. Urtica dioica L. (U. dioica) has been traditionally used in Iranian medicine as an herbal remedy for hypoglycemic or due to its anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of U. dioica on blood lipids, hepatic enzymes and nitric oxide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: 50 women with type 2 diabetes participated in this study and were randomly divided into two groups namely, control and intervention groups. Control group received placebo and intervention group received hydro-alcoholic extract of U. dioica. Before and after 8 weeks of continuous treatment, some biochemical serum levels including FPG, TG, SGPT, SGOT, HDL, LDL, SOD and NO were measured. Results: The results indicated that after 8 weeks, in the intervention group, FPG, TG, and SGPT levels significantly decreased and HDL, NO and SOD levels significantly increased as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Our results encourage the use of hydro-alcoholic extract of U. dioica as an antioxidant agent for additional therapy of diabetes as hydro-alcoholic extract of U. dioica may decrease risk factors of cardiovascular incidence and other complications in patients with diabetes mellitus.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_6763_4c182f71cfba204aa3bd97dbd28bcc18.pdf
2016-11-01
686
695
10.22038/ajp.2016.6763
Urtica dioica
Hydro-alcoholic extract
Oxidative stress
Type2 diabetes
Alidad
Amiri Behzadi
alidad.amiribehzadi@gmail.com
1
Young Researcher and Elites Club, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid
Kalalian-Moghaddam
h.kalalian@gmail.com
2
Department of Physiology, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Amirhossein
Ahmadi
amirhahmadi92@gmail.com
3
Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran
AUTHOR
Abo-elmatty D M, Essawy SS, Badr JM, Sterner O. 2013. Antioxidant andanti-inflammatoryeffectsof Urtica pilulifera extracts in type 2 diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 145: 269–277.
1
Ahangarpour A, Heidari H, Ramezani Ali Akbari F, Pakmehr M, Hajeye S, Ahmadi I, Mombeini Z, Babadi Hajani M. 2014. Effect of Boswellia serrata supplementation on blood lipid, hepatic enzymes and fructosamine levels in type2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Metab Disord, 13: 1-5.
2
Bahmani M, Zargaran A, Rafieian Kopaei, Saki K. 2014. Bahmani .Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in the Urmia, Northwest Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 7: 348-354.
3
Celik I, and Tuluce Y. 2007. Elevation protective role of Camellia sinensis and Urtica dioica infusion against trichloroacetic acid-exposed in rats. Phytother Res, 21: 1039–1044
4
Coskun O, Kanter M, Korkmaz A, Oter S, Quercetin a. 2005. Quercetin, a flavonoid antioxidant prevents and protects streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and β-cell damage in rat pancreas. Pharmacol Res 51: 117-23.
5
Das M, Sarma BP, Rokeya B, Parial R, Nahar N, Mosihuzzaman M, Khan A, Ali L . 2012. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Urtica dioica on type 2 diabetic model rats. J Diabetol, 2: 1-6.
6
Di Virgilio N. Papazogloub, EG, Jankauskienec Z, Di Lonardod S, Praczyke, M, Wielgusze K. 2014. The potential of stinging UD (Urtica dioica L.) as a crop with multiple uses. INDCRO. No of Pages 8.
7
Ebrahimzadeh MA, Gharekhani M, Ghorbani M, Dargany P. 2015. Effect of extract of aerial parts of Urtica dioica (Urticaceae) on the stability of soybean oil. Trop J Pharm Res, 14: 125-131.
8
Farzami B, Ahmadvand D, Vardasbi S, Majin FJ, Khaghani S. 2003. Induction of insulin secretion by a component of Urtica dioica leave extract in perifused Islets of Langerhans and it’s in vivo effects in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 89: 47–53.
9
Golalipour MJ, Khori V. 2007. The protective activity of Urtica dioica leaves on blood glucose concentration and β-cells in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Pak J Biol Sci, 10: 1200-1204.
10
Golalipour MJ, Kabiri Balajadeh B, Ghafari S, Azarhosh R, Khori V. 2011. Protective effect of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) on morphometric and morphologic alterations of seminiferous tubules in STZ diabetic Rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 14: 472-477.
11
Ghosh R, Bhattacharya R, Bhattacharya G, Sinha AK. 2012. The control of stress induced type I diabetes mellitus in humans through the hepatic synthesis of insulin by the stimulation of nitric oxide production. Int J Biomed Sci, 8: 171-182.
12
Gupta SK. 2011. Intention to treat concept. Perspect Clin Res. 2: 109–112.
13
Harput US, Saracoglu I, Ogihara Y. 2005. Stimulation of Lymphocyte Proliferation and Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production by Aqueous Urtica dioica Extract. Phytother Res, 19: 346–348.
14
Harvey M. 2007. Prism version 5.0 statistics guide. GraphPad Software, Inc. 255 pages.
15
Jeong SM, Kang MJ, Choi HN, Kim JH, Kim JI. 2012. Quercetin ameliorates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia and improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Nutr Res Pract, 6:201-207.
16
Joshi BC, Mukhija M, Kalia AN. 2014. Pharmacognostical review of Urtica dioica L. Int J of G Pharmacy, 8: 201-209.
17
Kandis H, Karapolat S, Yildirim U, Saritas A, Gezer R. 2010. Memisogullari, Effects of Urtica dioica on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Clinics (SaoPaulo), 65:1357–1361.
18
karim A, Sohail MN, Munir S, Sattar S. 2011. Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Pakistani Herbs and Herbal Drugs Used for Treatment of Diabetes. Int J Pharmacol, 7:419-439.
19
Khan A, Safdar M, Khan A, Anderson R. 2003. Cinnamon Improves Glucose and Lipids of people With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26: 3115-8.
20
Khare V, Kushwaha P, Verma S, Gupta A, Srivastava S, Singh Rawat AK. 2012. Pharmacognostic evaluation and antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. Chin Med, 3: 128-135.
21
Mahluji S, Ostadrahimi AR, Mobasseri M,
22
Ebrahimzade Attari V, Payahoo L. 2013. Anti-inflammatory effects of Zingiber Officinale in type 2 diabetic patients. Adv. Pharm. Bull, 3: 273-276.
23
Mahmoud AH, Motawa HM, Wahba He, Ebrahim EY. 2006. Study of Some Antioxidant Parameters in Mice Livers Affected with Urtica pilulifera Extracts. Asian J of Bioch, 1: 67-74.
24
Malekirad AA, Hosseini N, Bayrami M, Hashemi T, Rahzani K, Abdollahi M. 2011. Benefit of Lemon Verbena in Healthy Subjects; Targeting Diseases Associated with Oxidative Stress. Asian J Anim Vet Adv, 6:953-957.
25
Malviya N, Jain S, Malviya S. 2010. Antidiabetic potential of medicinal plants. Acta Pol Pharm, 67:113–118.
26
Mamta S, Preeti k. 2014. Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle): A review of its chemical, pharmacological, toxicological and ethnomedical properties. Int J Pharm, 4: 270-277.
27
Manohar SM, Vaikasuvu SR, Deepthi K, Sachan A, Pemmaraju SR, Narasimha VL. 2013. An association of hyperglycemia with plasma malondialdehyde and atherogenic lipid risk factors in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients. J Res Med Sci, 18: 89–93.
28
Marazioti A, Bucci M, Coletta C, Vellecco V, Baskaran P, Szabo C, Cirino G, Marques AN, Guerreiro B, Goncalves AML, Seixas JD, Beuve A, Romao CC, Papapetropoulos A. 2011. Inhibition of nitric oxide–stimulated vasorelaxation by carbon monoxide-releasing molecules. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 31:2570-2575
29
Nassiri-Asl M, Zamansoltani F, Abbasi E, Daneshi MM, Zangivand AA. 2009. Effectsof Urtica dioica extract on lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats. Zhong XiYi Jie He Xue Bao, 7: 428–433.
30
Nahata A, Dixit AK. 2012. Ameliorative effects of stinging U. dioica (Urtica dioica) ontestosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Andrologia, 44:396–409.
31
Nazemi N, Tarighat A, Bahrami A. 2012. The effect of hydro-alcoholic UD (Urtica dioica) extract on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Pak J Bio Sci, 15: 98-102.
32
Nojima H, Watanabe H, Yamane K, Kitahara Y, Sekikawa K, Yamamoto H, Yokoyama A. Inamizu T, Asahara T, Kohno N. 2008. Effect of aerobic exercise training on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabo Clini Exp, 57: 170–176.
33
Otles S.and Yalcin, B. 2012. Phenolic compounds analysis of root, stalk, and leaves of U. dioica. Sci World J, 1: 64-67.
34
Ozen T, Korkmaz H. 2003. Modulatory effect of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) leaf extract on biotransformation enzyme systems, antioxidant enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation in mice. Phytomedicine, 10:405-15.
35
Patience OO, Estella UO, Philip FU. 2014. The search for new hypoglycemic agents from plants. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 8: 292-303.
36
Petal DK, Prasad SK, Hemalatha S. 2012. An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2:320-330
37
Patel SH, Udayabanu M. 2013. Effect of Urtica dioica on memory dysfunction and hypoalgesia in anexperimental model of diabetic neuropathy. Neuroscience Letters, 552: 114– 119.
38
37. Pourahmadi, M., Karimi Jashni, H., Bagheri, Mand. and Sotoodeh Jahromi, A. 2014. The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Urtica dioica Root on testes in adult rats. Life Sci. J, 11: 420-424.
39
Rains JL, Jain SK. 2011. Oxidative stress, insulin signaling and diabetes. Free Radical Biol Med, 50: 567-575.
40
Rasheed Z, Ahmad R, Rasheed N, Tripathi T, Ali R. 2008. Reactive oxygen species damaged hemoglobin present unique epitopes for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies. Int J Biol Chem, 2:1-13.
41
Tessari P, Cecchet D, Cosma A, Vettore A, Coracina A, Millioni R, Iori E. Puricelli L, Avogaro A. Vedovato M. 2010. Nitric oxide synthesis is reduced in subjects with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Diabetes 59: 2152-2159.
42
Testai L, Chericoni S. Calderone V, Nencioni G, Nieri P, Morelli I, Martinotti E. 2002.Cardiovascular effects of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) roots extracts: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies. J. Ethnopharmacol, 81:105-109.
43
Tong PCY, Cockrum CS. 2003. Diabetes and its historical and social context: The epidemiology of type2 diabetes. Textbook of Diabetes. Blackwell Science Ltd. Massachusetts, USA, 3: 1-14.
44
Toldy A, Stadler K, Sasvari M, Jakus J, Jung KJ, Chung HY, Berkes I, Nyakas C, Radak Z. 2005. The effect of exercise and U. dioica supplementation on oxidative stress markers in the rat brain. Brain Res. Bull, 65: 487-493
45
Turkdogan MK, Ozbek H, Yener Z, Tuncer I, Uygan I, Ceylan E. 2003. The role of Urtica dioica and Nigella sativa in the prevention of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. IJPR, 17: 942–946.
46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Mimosa pudica L. leaves extract on anxiety, depression and memory
Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate the neuropharmacological activities of ethyl acetate extract of Mimosa pudica (EAMP) leaves on anxiety, depression and memory in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: Anti-anxiety potential of EAMP was evaluated by elevated plus maze (EPM), light-dark box (LDB) and social interaction (SI) tests in mice.Anti-depressant potential of EAMP was evaluated by forced swimming (FST), tail suspension (TST), and open field tests (OFT). The behavioral findings were further corroborated with estimation of neurotransmitters and their metabolites from mouse brain homogenate. Effect on learning and memory was evaluated by EPM, passive avoidance (PA) tests. Further, it was confirmed with assessment of acetylcholinesterase and caspase-3 activity in brain homogenate. Results: EAMP showed significant anti-anxiety activity by increasing the time spent in open arm of EPM, light box of LDB. Social interaction time was increased significantly (p<0.01) as compared to vehicle control. There was also significant reduction of immobility time in both FST and TST without any changes in locomotor activity in the OFT. Monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine and norepinephrine) concentrations were increased significantly (p<0.01) after 4 weeks of treatment as compared to stress control and substantiated the anti-depressant activity. Step down latency was increased (p<0.01) in PA test and transfer latency was decreased (p<0.01) in EPM test of EAMP-treated mice. Acetylcholinesterase and caspase-3 activity was significantly (p<0.05) changed in mice treated with EAMP (200 and 400 mg/kg). Conclusion: The results revealed that EAMP has anti-anxiety, anti-depressant and memory enhancing activities that are mediated through multiple mechanisms.
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_6895_88f734936dfeb869e7a8a9758020e064.pdf
2016-11-01
696
710
10.22038/ajp.2016.6895
M. pudica
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
5- Hydroxytryptamine
acetylcholinesterase
Caspase-3
Ganesh
Patro
1
School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur-760007, Odisha, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Himanshu
Sahoo
bhusan.himanshu@yahoo.co.in
2
Department of Pharmacology, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur-760010, Odisha, India
AUTHOR
Bijay
Kumar Mohanty
3
Department of Botany & Biotechnology, Khallikote Autonomous College, Berhampur-760001, Odisha, India
AUTHOR
Baby J, Jency G, Jeevitha M. 2013. Pharmacology and Traditional Uses of Mimosa pudica. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res, 5: 41-44.
1
Bhattamisra SK, Khannab VK, Agrawal AK, Singh PN, Singh SK. 2008. Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Marsilea minuta Linn. J Ethnopharmacol, 117: 51-57.
2
Bhattamisra SK, Singh PN, Singh SK, Kumar V. 2007. Anxiolytic activity of Marsilea minuta Linn. J Herb Med Toxicol, 1: 15-20.
3
Bhattamisra SK, Singh PN, Singh SK. 2012. Effect of standardized extract of Marsilea minuta on learning and memory performance in rat amnesic models. Pharm Biol, 50: 766-772.
4
Bourin M, Chenu F, Ripoll N, David DJP. 2005. A proposal of decision tree to screen putative antidepressants using forced swim and tail suspension tests. Behav Brain Res, 164: 266-269.Chatterjee A, Prakash SC. 2000. The Treatise of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol 2. pp. 65-66. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.
5
Crawley J, Goodwin FK. 1980. Preliminary report of a simple animal behavior model for the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 13:167-170.
6
Darreh-Shori T, Meurling L, Pettersson T, Hugosson K, Hellstrom-Lindahl E, Andreasen N, et al. 2006. Changes in the activity and protein levels of CSF acetylcholinesterases in relation to cognitive function of patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease following chronic donepezil treatment. J Neural Transm, 113:1791–801.
7
Dash PK, Blum S, Moore AN. 2000. Caspase activity plays an essential role in long-term memory. Neuroreport, 11:2811–2816.
8
Elisabetsky E, Costa-Campos L. 2006. The alkaloid alstonine: a review of its pharmacological properties. Evid-Based Comp Alt Med, 3: 39-48.
9
Farah IN, Taufik HM, Moklas MAM, Sharida F, Raudzaha NAR, Shamima AR, et al. 2011. Antidepressant-like effect of mitragynine isolated from Mitragyna speciosa Korth in mice model of depression. Phytomedicine, 18: 402-407.
10
Farooqui T, Farooqui AA. 2009. Aging: An important factor for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. MechAgeing Dev, 130: 203-215.
11
File SE. 1996. The use of social interaction as a method for detecting anxiolytic activity of chlordiazepoxide like drugs. J Neurosci Meth, 2: 219-238.
12
Gireesh KS, Sudhir KC, Geeta R, Shyam SC, Vikas K. 2013. Potential antianxiety activity of Fumaria indica: A preclinical study. Pharmacogn Mag, 9(33): 14-22.
13
Grundmann O, Nakajima JI, Seo S, Butterweck V. 2007. Anti-anxiety effects of Apocynum venetum L. in the elevated plus maze test. J Ethnopharmacol, 110: 406-411.
14
Gulyaeva NV, Kudryashov IE, Kudryashova IV. 2003. Caspase activity is essential for long-term potentiation. J Neurosci Res, 73:853–864.
15
Gulyaeva NV. 2003. Non-apoptotic functions of caspase-3 in the nervous tissue. Biochemistry (Moscow), 68:1459–1470.
16
Hafsa A, Sakshi S, Anurag M, and Rajiv G. 2012. Mimosa pudica L. (Laajvanti): An overview. Pharmacogn Rev, 6: 115-124.
17
Haixia D, Ying C, Xinmin L, Qiong W, Liwei W, William J. 2009. Antidepressant effects of ginseng total saponins in the forced swimming test and chronic mild stress models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 33: 1417-1424.
18
Jans L, Riedel WJ, Markus CR, Blokland A. 2007. Serotonergic vulnerability and depression: assumptions, experimental evidence and implications. Mol Psychiatry, 12: 522-543.
19
Joy PP, Thomas J, Mathew S, Skaria BP. 2001. Medicinal Plants. Trop Horticulture. 2:449-632.
20
Kim JH, Kim SY, Lee SY, Jang CG. 2007. Antidepressant-like effects of Albizzia julibrissin in mice: involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 87: 41-47.Kulkarni SK. 1999. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, pp. 135-137. Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi.
21
Kumar D, Bhat ZA, Kumar V, Khan NA, Chashoo IA, Zargar MI. 2012. Effects of Stachys tibetica essential oil in anxiety. Eur J Integr Med, 4: e169–e176.
22
Lane RM, Potkin SG, Enz A. 2006. Targeting acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in dementia. Int J Neuropsycopharmacol, 9:101–124.
23
Lucian H, Jaures AN, Oana C, Monica H, Paula P, Marius M. 2015. Anxiolytic and antidepressant profile of the methanolic extract of Piper nigrum fruits in beta-amyloid (1-42) rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Funct, 11:13.
24
Machado DG, Bettio LE, Cunha MP, Capra JC, Dalmarco JB, Pizzolatti MG. 2009. Antidepressant like effect of the extract of Rosmarinus officinalis in mice: involvement of the monoaminergic system. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 33: 642-650.
25
Merlin FF, Narsimhan D. 2009. Plant names and uses as indicators of knowledge patterns. Indian J Trad Knowledge, 8: 645-648.
26
Mesulam M. 2004. The cholinergic lesion of Alzheimer’s disease: pivotal factor or side show? Learn Memory, 11: 43–49.
27
Nemeroff CB. 2007. The burden of severe depression: a review of diagnostic challenges and treatment alternatives. J Psychiatr Res, 41:189-206.
28
Papandreou MA, Tsachaki M, Efthimiopoulos S, Cordopatis P, Lamari FN, Margarity M. 2011. Memory enhancing effects of saffron in aged mice are correlated with antioxidant protection. Behav Brain Res, 219:197-204.
29
Poonam M and Shradha B. 2011. Antianxiety activity of Coriandrum sativum assessed using different experimental anxiety models. Indian J Pharmacol, 43: 574-577.
30
Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Jalfre M. 1977. Behavioural despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. Psychopharmacol (Berl), 229: 327-336.
31
Rupniak NM, Tye SJ, Field MJ. 1997. Enhanced performance of spatial and visual recognition memory tasks by the selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor E2020 in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacol(Berl), 131: 406-410.
32
Sahoo HB, Mandal PK, Bhattamisra SK, Bhaiji A, Sagar R. 2014. A new weapon for memory power: Elephantopus scaber (Linn.). Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis, 4: 64-68.
33
Schmidt HD, Duman RS. 2007. The role of neurotrophic factors in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, antidepressant treatments and animal models of depressive-like behavior. Behav Pharmacol, 18: 391-418.
34
Shaji KS, Arun Kishore NR, Praveen Lal K, Prince M. 2002. Revealing a hidden problem: An evaluation of a community dementia case-finding program from the Indian 10/66 dementia research network. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 17: 222-225.
35
Shalam MD, Shantakumar SM, Narasu ML. 2007. Pharmacological and biochemical evidence for the antidepressant effect of the herbal preparation Trans-01. Indian J Pharmacol, 39: 231-234.
36
Shimohama S, Tanino H, Fujimoto S. 2001a. Differential expression of rat brain caspase family proteins during development and aging. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 289:1063-1066.
37
Shimohama S, Tanino H, Fujimoto S. 2001b. Differential subcellular localization of caspase family proteins in the adult rat brain. Neurosci Lett, 315:125-128.
38
Sivarajan VV, Balachandran I. 2002. Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources. pp 271-272, Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
39
Smith RD, Kistler MK, Cohen-Williams M, Coffin VL. 1996. Cholinergic improvement of a naturally-occurring memory deficit in the young rat, Brain Res, 707: 13-21.
40
Stepanichev YM, Kudryashova IV, Yakovlev AA, Onufriev MV, Khaspekov LG, Lyzhin AA, Lazareva NA, Gulyaeva NV. 2005. “Central administration of a caspase inhibitor impairs shuttle- box performance in rats,” Neuroscience, 136: 579-591.
41
Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry, B, Simon P. 1985. The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice. Psychopharmacol (Berl), 85: 367-370.
42
Tamilarasi T, Ananthi T. 2012. Phytochemical analysis and anti-microbial activity of Mimosa pudica Linn. Res J chem sci, 2: 72-74.Terry Jr AV, Buccafusco JJ. 2003. The cholinergic hypothesis of age and Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive deficits: recent challenges and their implications for novel drug development. J Pharmcol Exp Ther, 306:821–7.
43
Thippeswamy BS, Mishra B, Veerapur VP, Gupta G. 2011. Anxiolytic activity of Nymphaea alba Linn. in mice as experimental models of anxiety. Indian J Pharmacol, 43: 50-55.
44
Tokumo K, Tamura N, Hirai T, Nishio H. 2006. Effects of (Z)-3-hexenol, a major component of green odor, on anxiety-related behavior of the mouse in an elevated plus-maze test and biogenic amines and their metabolites in the brain. Behav Brain Res, 166: 247-252.
45
Uutela P, Reinila R, Harju K, Piepponen P, Ketola RA. 2009. Analysis of Intact Glucuronides and Sulfates of Serotonin, Dopamine, and Their Phase I Metabolites in Rat Brain Microdialysates by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem, 81: 8417-8425.
46
Vaidyaratanm PS. 2001. Indian medicinal plants database, Vol 2. 1st ed. pp. 36-37.Orient Longman, Arya Vidyashala, Kottakkal.
47
Wei XY, Yang JY, Wang JH, Wu CF. 2007. Anxiolytic effect of saponins from Panax quinquefolium in mice. J Ethnopharmacol, 111: 613-618.
48
Willner P, Muscat R, Papp M. 1992. Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: a realistic model of depression. Neurosci BiobehavRev, 16:525-534.
49
Zheng M, Yajun F, Dongfang S, Chunming L. 2013. Antidepressant-like effect of flavonoids extracted from Apocynum venetum leaves on brain monoamine levels and dopaminergic system. J Ethnopharmacol, 147:108-113.
50