Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine
2228-7930
2228-7949
8
4
2018
07
01
The effect of Ficus carica latex on 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene-induced breast cancer in rats
286
295
EN
Mahnoosh
Fatemi
Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
mehr.fatemi7@gmail.com
Fereshte
Ghandehari
Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
fe_gh_2010@yahoo.com
10.22038/ajp.2017.10014
Objective: In traditional medicine, Ficus carica (also known as fig) latex is recognized as a remedy with various therapeutic effects. Recently, in vitro studies have reported the anticancer effect of this latex on cancer cell lines. This study evaluated the effect of this latex on breast cancer growth, hematological parameters, and histopathology in rats.<br /> Materials and Methods: Twenty-four female rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. In cancerous group, 0.5 ml 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene was injected to nipple for breast cancer induction. The control group received sesame oil at the same volume through similar route. In fig latex treated group (Fle), breast cancer was induced and then 0.5 ml of fig latex was intratumorally injected on a daily basis for 4 weeks. Tumor size was measured at the 2<sup>nd</sup>, 4<sup>th </sup>and 6<sup>th</sup> weeks of the experiment. Blood samples were used for investigation of the hematological parameters and livers, kidneys and tumor tissues were removed for histopathological analysis.<br /> Results: The tumor size in Fle group was significantly decreased compared to the cancerous group. Haematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC and their indices were significantly decreased, whereas platelet, leukocyte and white blood cell numbers were significantly increased in cancerous group compared to the control group. There were no changes in these parameters in the Fle group compared to the control group. There were severe pathological changes in the livers and kidneys of cancerous group, but not in Fle group.<br /> Conclusion: These results suggest that fig latex could decrease tumor growth without having any adverse effect on hematological and histological factors. However, further investigation is required in this field.
Breast Cancer,Ficus carica latex,hematological parameters,Histopathology,Rat
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10014.html
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10014_34cdd5cce770f8dafdcca2954484fec6.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine
2228-7930
2228-7949
8
4
2018
07
01
Cytotoxic activity of the genus Ferula (Apiaceae) and its bioactive constituents
296
312
EN
Mehrdad
Iranshahi
Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
iranshahim@mums.ac.ir
Ramin
Rezaee
Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
raminrezaee1983@gmail.com
Mona
Najaf Najafi
Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
najafnm@mums.ac.ir
Ali
Haghbin
Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
Jamal
Kasaian
Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
kasaianj1@gmail.com
10.22038/ajp.2018.26953.1963
Objective: The genus Ferula L. includes perennial flowering plants belonging to the Apiaceae family. This genus is a rich source of biologically active phytochemicals such as sulfur-containing derivatives, coumarins, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones, sesquiterpene coumarins, glucuronic acid, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and daucane esters. Over the last decade, considerable attention has been paid to biological activities of these compounds; it is assumed that the most prominent biological features of the genus Ferula are their cytotoxic effects. This article discusses cytotoxic activity of the genus Ferula and their important compounds.<br /> Methods: In this mini-review article, papers published from 1990 to April 2016 were included and the following information was discussed; cytotoxic activity of the genus Ferula and their important compounds, the type of cell line used in vitro, concentrations of the extracts/active compound that were used, and the underlying mechanisms of action through which Ferula-related chemicals induced cytotoxicity. In addition, we explained different mechanisms of action through which the active constituents isolated from Ferula, could decrease cellular growth.<br /> Conclusion: It is highly recommended that potent and effective compounds that were isolated from Ferula plants and found to be appropriate as adjuvant therapy for certain diseases, should be identified. Also, the versatile biological activities of sesquiterpene coumarins suggest them as promising agents with a broad range of biological applications to be used in the future.
Ferula,Biological activity,Cytotoxicity,Umbelliprenin,Sesquiterpene coumarin,Farnesiferol C
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10379.html
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10379_5ae213e4b921cac81dfc6ad98bc9b1f7.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine
2228-7930
2228-7949
8
4
2018
07
01
Quantitative ethnobotanical appraisal of medicinal plants used by inhabitants of lower Kurram, Kurram agency, Pakistan
313
329
EN
Wahid
Hussain
Department of Botany, GPGC Parachinar Kurram agency Pakistan
wahidhussaiwahid@gmail.com
Manzoor
Ullah
Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology Bannu KP, Pakistan
manzoorkhan536@yahoo.com
Ghulam
Dastagir
Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
dastagirbotany@yahoo.com
LAL
Badshah
Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
badshahmasood1@gmail.com
10.22038/ajp.2018.20910.1792
Objective: Medicinal plants are used for treatment of ailments throughout rural and urban areas of the world. Such use of plants varies from one region to another and is measured using quantitative techniques. The current research which was conducted from March to October 2015, is the first explorative study of medicinal plants used by inhabitants of lower Kurram, Kurram agency, Pakistan.<br /> Materials and Methods: Field trips were done to 20 location of lower Kurram and information regarding medicinal use of plants was collected from the locals through semi-structured interviews.<br /> Results: A total of 52 plant species that were reported by the people from the region, to have medicinal value, fall within 48 genera and 35 families. The family Asteraceae comprised most of these herbs (6 species) followed by the family Lamiaceae (4 species) and Solanaceae (3 species). Leaves (24.3%) and fruits (21.6%) were the frequently used parts in preparation of remedies. The reported plants were used for treatment of 50 ailments with most of these plants (35 species; 30.97%) being used for treatment of digestive problems. Seriphidium kurramensis had the highest relative frequency of citation (66.18) and use value (1.10). Fidelity level of Caralluma tuberculata and Artemisia scoparia for diabetes was (61.22) and (55.56), respectively. The highest fidelity level for malaria was reported for Artemisia absinthium (43.66) and S. kurramensis (40.00).<br /> Conclusion: The inhabitants of lower Kurram still practice medicinal plants and few of the plants were used for treatment of fatal diseases like malaria, hepatitis and blood cancer. Haphazard cutting of plants and overgrazing are major threats that can affect plants biodiversity.
Artemisia absinthium,Nannorrhops ritchiana,Seriphidium kurramense,Traditional knowledge,Pakistan
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10738.html
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10738_a4c2f260daad3e0ce51c08702979e1fb.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine
2228-7930
2228-7949
8
4
2018
07
01
The effects of curcumin and a modified curcumin formulation on serum Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
330
337
EN
Ali
Javandoost
Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
javandoosta1@mums.ac.ir
Asma
Afshari
Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
afsharia3@mums.ac.ir
Maryam
Saberi Karimian
Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
saberikm911@mums.ac.ir
Amirhosein
Sahebkar
0000-0003-1747-8353
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
sahebkara@mums.ac.ir
Hamideh
Safarian Bana
Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
safarianh921@mums.ac.ir
Maliheh
Moammeri
Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
moammerism921@mums.ac.ir
Behdokht
Fathi Dizaji
Department of Genetic, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
fathib921@mums.ac.ir
Shima
Tavalaei
Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
tavalaiesh1@mums.ac.ir
Gordon
A. A. Ferns
0000-0002-0957-8349
Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
g.ferns@bsms.ac.uk
Alireza
Pasdar
Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
pasdara@mums.ac.ir
Seyed Mohammad Reza
Parizadeh
Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
parizadehmr@mums.ac.ir
Majid
Ghayour Mobarhan
0000-0003-2852-7632
Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
ghayourm@mums.ac.ir
10.22038/ajp.2018.10348
Objective: Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) mediates the transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL-C to LDL-C and VLDL-C. The aim of the present trial was to evaluate the effect of curcumin and its modified formulation on serum CETP concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome.<br /> Materials and Methods: Participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups of 40 subjects receiving either unmodified curcumin or its phospholipid complex or placebo. Lipid profile and plasma CETP were measured at the start and sixweeksafter initiation of the treatment.The normality of data distribution was assessed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Wilcoxon test was used for comparing the data before and after the intervention. The percent changes of CETP and biochemical factors among the three groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test.<br /> Results: Serum CETP levels were not significantly altered among patients receiving curcumin.<br /> Conclusion: Curcumin and its complex had no significant effect on serum CETP concentrations.
metabolic syndrome,HDL-C,CETP,Curcumin,Atherogenesis
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10348.html
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10348_d684ca3ae29a031ecd31f954bbdc3e68.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine
2228-7930
2228-7949
8
4
2018
07
01
The effect of asafoetida essential oil on myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts
338
349
EN
Hassan
Esmaeili
Department of heart, School of Medicine, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
he_md1972@yahoo.com
Zahra
Hafezimoghadam
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
hafezi.zahra_2310@yahoo.com
Mansour
Esmailidehaj
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
ned1382@gmail.com
Mohammad Ebrahim
Rezvani
Department of physiology, school of medicine, Yazd university of medical sciences
erezvani@yahoo.com
Zeynab
Hafizibarjin
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
mopbgmm3@yahoo.co.uk
10.22038/ajp.2018.10315
Objective: Previous studies reported that asafetida from Ferula assa-foetida Linn. species and its essential oil (AEO) have antioxidant effects. In the present study, the effect of AEO was evaluated on ischemic-reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts.<br /> Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: 1) control group, 2) vehicle group, 3-5) AEO groups and, 6) carvedilol group. In the control group, hearts were only subjected to 30-min global ischemia followed by 120-min reperfusion. Hearts in other groups were perfused with vehicle (Tween 0.1%), AEO (0.125, 0.25 or 0.50 µL/g heart) or carvedilol (10 µM) for 5 min immediately before the induction of ischemia.<br /> Results: Compared to the control group, myocardial dysfunction was significantly more severe only in group 5 in which a significant increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure and a significant decrease in left ventricular developed pressure and ±dp/dt. Also, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase as the markers of myocardial injury were significantly higher only in group 5 compared to control group. The size of infarct and the incidence of irreversible fibrillation did not show any significant differences between the control group and groups 3-5.<br /> Conclusion: These results showed that perfusion of isolated rat hearts with AEO 0.5 µL/g heart, but not at lower concentrations, might worsen myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury.
Asafoetida,Heart,Essential oil,Ischemic-reperfusion injury
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10315.html
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10315_0fc7bfdac51091eb2019d7e2c02f28bf.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine
2228-7930
2228-7949
8
4
2018
07
01
Evaluation of hematopoietic stem cell expansion in the presence of garcinol
350
357
EN
Azam
Habibi
Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
a.habibi@modares.ac.ir
Masoud
Soleimani
Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
soleim_m@modares.ac.ir
Amir
Atashi
Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
atashia@shmu.ac.ir
Mahshid
AkhavanRahnama
Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
mahshidakhavan69@yahoo.com
Azadeh
Anbarlou
Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
anbarlou1990@gmail.com
Mansoureh
Ajami
Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
minoo.ajami@gmail.com
Monireh
Ajami
Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
mina.ajami@gmail.com
10.22038/ajp.2018.18903.1729
Objective: The application of human cord blood (hCB) is limited to children by using relatively small volume of cord blood that does not contain enough hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). So, efforts for applying cord blood stem cells in transplantation have led to establishment of some approaches for ex vivo expansion of HSCs such as garcinol.<br /> Materials and Methods: CD133+ HSCs were separated by a magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) system. Isolated cells were cultured with different doses of garcinol, SCF, TPO and FLT-3L. The optimal dose of garcinol for ex vivo expansion of HSCs was determined by direct counting. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the expression of CD133 marker to check the ability of garcinol in maintenance of HSCs. Colony forming cell (CFC) assay was performed to evaluate clonogenic capability of treated cells. The level of expression of CXCR4 gene was evaluated by RT-PCR. Data were analyzed using Student’s t test.<br /> Results: Our results showed that CD133<sup>+</sup> HSCs in the presence of garcinol (5-10 µM) had high expansion activity and cell counting showed that the number of cells in treated group was higher than control group (1.9 –fold) and CFC assay showed that the number of colonies following treatment with garcinol had 1.3-fold increase. Treatment of HSCs with garcinol resulted in 9.6-fold increase in terms of CXCR4 expression in comparison to control group.<br /> Conclusion: The present study showed that garcinol can improve ex vivo expansion of HSCs and enhance their potential for homing to bone marrow.
Hematopoietic stem cells,expansion,Garcinol,Small-molecule compounds
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10786.html
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10786_5a9e5dc4a4968277399b04f9c8a0df85.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine
2228-7930
2228-7949
8
4
2018
07
01
Aqueous extract of saffron administration along with amygdala deep brain stimulation promoted alleviation of symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in rats
358
369
EN
Mina
Mokhtari Hashtjini
Neuroscience Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
mina_hashtjin65@yahoo.com
Gila
Pirzad Jahromi
0000-0002-2683-1625
Neuroscience Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
dbspaper1395@gmail.com
Gholam Hossein
Meftahi
Neuroscience Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
shamemahtab.mokhtary@gmail.com
Davoud
Esmaeili
Applied Microbiology Research Center, and Microbiology Department, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
esm114@gmail.com
Danial
Javidnazar
Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
dan_javid@yahoo.com
10.22038/ajp.2018.10361
<strong>Objective:</strong> Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as one of the most devastating kinds of anxiety disorders, is the consequence of a traumatic event. <em>Crocus sativus</em> L., commonly known as saffron have been traditionally used for treatment of stress and anxiety. In this study, we evaluated the effects of peripheral administration of saffron, along with deep brain stimulation (DBS) in a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) model caused by contextual fear conditioning (electrical foot shock chamber) in male Wistar rats.<br /> <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> rats (220-250 g) were divided into 7 groups (n=8) and underwent stereotactic surgery for implantation of the electrodes in the right-baso lateral of the amygdala (BLA). After 7 days, some animals received the foot shock, followed by another 7-day treatment (DBS treatment or combination treatment by saffron 5 mg/kg (i.p)) then freezing behavior as a predicted response in the absence of the foot shock (re-exposure time) and general anxiety were measured using elevated plus maze test. Serum corticosterone level and amygdala c-Fos protein expression were assessed using ELISA and Western blot analysis, respectively.<br /> <strong>Results:</strong> DBS treatment and the combination therapy of saffron (5 mg/kg (I.P)) with DBS significantly (p<0.001) increased serum corticosterone levels. Also both treatments could significantly (p<0.001) reduce c-Fos protein expression and freezing behaviors time. However, DBS treatment had no effect on the general anxiety in rats with PTSD. On the other hand, combination therapy significantly (p<0.001) reduced anxiety behavior in rats with PTSD.<br /> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> These results might show the potential of this combination therapy for treatment of treatment-resistant PTSD patients.
Deep brain stimulation,Saffron,Post-traumatic stress disorder,Contextual fear conditioning,Corticosterone,C-Fos protein
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10361.html
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10361_f0fd14a74633a9da8a611f78810d2ae3.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine
2228-7930
2228-7949
8
4
2018
07
01
Renoprotective effects of the methanolic extract of Tanacetum parthenium against carbon tetrachloride-induced renal injury in rats
370
379
EN
Mohammad
Mazani
Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
m.mazani@arums.ac.ir
Yavar
Mahmoodzadeh
Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
ymahmoudzade@gmail.com
Mir Mehdi
Chinifroush-Asl
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
m.chinifroush@arums.ac.ir
Shokofeh
Banaei
0000-0002-8742-3895
Department of Physiology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
s.banaei@arums.ac.ir
Lotfollah
Rezagholizadeh
0000-0003-3175-1360
Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
reza34055@gmail.com
Alireza
Mohammadnia
Department of Health Information Technology Management, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
alireza.mohammadnia@gmail.com
10.22038/ajp.2018.10397
Objective: Studies have demonstrated that carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in many tissues including the kidney, heart, lung, brain, and liver. The major aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective activity of Tanacetum parthenium extract (TPE) in renal tissues of CCl<sub>4</sub>-intoxicated rats.<br /> Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into seven groups of six rats. Group 1 was the control group that was not treated with CCl<sub>4</sub>. The rats in the other groups were intraperitoneally injected with CCl<sub>4</sub> (1.5 ml/kg, 1:1 in olive oil) on day 14. Rats in the groups bTPE40, bTPE80, and bTPE120 were gavaged with 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg of TPE, respectively for 14 constitutive days on a daily basis, before CCl<sub>4</sub> administration. Rats in groups aTPE80 and aTPE120 were gavaged with 80 and 120 mg/kg of TPE, respectively, 2, 6, 24 and 48 hr after receiving CCl<sub>4</sub>. Blood samples were collected at the end of the 16<sup>th</sup> day through an intracardiac puncture and then serums were separated.<br /> Results: CCl<sub>4</sub> increased urea, creatinine, uric acid and creatinine: albumin (C/A) ratio level in serum and decreased total antioxidant and antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) when compared to the control group (p<0.001). But administration of TPE to rats either before or after exposure to CCl<sub>4</sub>, attenuated these changes when compared with CCl<sub>4</sub> control group (p Conclusion: TPE had potent nephroprotective effects against oxygen free radicals produced through CCl<sub>4</sub> metabolism.
Tanacetum parthenium,Carbon tetrachloride,Antioxidant,Oxidative stress,Kidney
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10397.html
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10397_2f4313f762205b7bc52821012088ec3b.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine
2228-7930
2228-7949
8
4
2018
07
01
Enhancing effect of Tiliacora triandra leaves extract on spatial learning, memory and learning flexibility as well as hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity in mice
380
388
EN
Wachiryah
Thong-asa
0000-0003-0065-7339
Animal Toxicology and Physiology Specialty Research Unit (ATPSRU), Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
fsciwyth@ku.ac.th
Hathaipat
Laisangunngam
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
ktant212@hotmail.com
10.22038/ajp.2018.10678
Objective: The present study investigates the effect of Tiliacora triandra leaf extract on spatial learning, memory, and learning flexibility as well as hippocampal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in mice. <br /> Materials and Methods: Thirty male ICR mice were randomly divided into three groups including 10% Tween 80, T. triandra 300 mg/kg and T. triandra 600 mg/kg. All administrations were done orally for 18 consecutive days. Spatial learning, memory and learning flexibility were assessed using the Morris water maze. ChAT activity and hippocampal neuronal cell number were assessed by immunohistochemistry and histological methods, respectively.<br /> Results: The results demonstrated that T. triandra leaf extract (300 and 600 mg/kg) significantly enhances spatial learning and learning flexibility. Only 300 mg/kg of T. triandra significantly improved the spatial memory. The hippocampal ChAT activity and total hippocampal cell number were significantly increased in T. triandra-treated groups.<br /> Conclusion: The present study indicated that T. triandra leaf extract improves the spatial learning, memory and learning flexibility, exerts neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons and maintains ChAT activity in this brain area.
Choline acetyltransferase,Spatial learning,Learning flexibility,Hippocampus,Tiliacora triandra,Morris Water Maze
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10678.html
https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_10678_dd094f2b50ffc415f8fe63a2ff14fd5c.pdf